Communism Its Origins and World Impact Essay - 1025 Words

Communism, a Basic Human Perspective! To this day people who were ruled by communist government still feel the pain and results from it. Communism can be seen as a theory and a system of both political and social organization that has had a great impact on the world through most of the twentieth century. Let us begin by defining what communism is, where it all began, who were some of the key people that played a major role in communism, and when it fell apart. There are many different definitions of communism. Miskelly and Noce defined it as A political, economic and social theory that promotes common ownership of property for the use of all citizens, all profits are to be equally distributed and prices on goods and services are†¦show more content†¦It all began with Plato (369 to 421 BC), who introduced the concept of an ideal city in his republic. People would not be corrupted by money and power but would prevail in wisdom, reason and justice. At the time Plato brought about his ideal city, he was rejecting the foundation of Athenian democracy that existed in his day. (Melchert 151) Plato believed that there were only a few who were fit to rule but everyone is fit to govern. He also believed that there existed a parallel between the internal structures of the soul and the structure of the community. Plato believed that men and women differed in their capacities and abilities. He grouped them into three different classes. The fir st class was the laborers, carpenters, merchants and the farmers, who were sought to be the productive part of the community. The second class consisted of those who were adventurous, strong, and brave and in love with danger; Plato believed that they were suited to serve in the army and navy. In the third class it was those who were intelligent, rational, self-controlled, and in love with wisdom. This group was seen as those who were best fit to make the decisions for the community. (Melchert 151) Although Plato was one of the first who brought about communism the ideal of no one owning any private property continued into the 18th century. It was Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that began the theoretical foundation for the communist revolutions of the 20thShow MoreRelatedThe Soviet Union During The Cold War999 Words   |  4 PagesThe emergence of the Cold War with the Soviet Union had far reaching impacts on American society, including hindering the pace of social reform in the United States. While some aspects of the Cold War may have helped promote certain social reforms, the net impact, deterred inevitable social reforms. Tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War induced a fear of communism in Americans that had numerous effects on American policies. McCarthyism, a period of controversialRead MoreRemembering A Forgotten War By Donald R. Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagestraining of their militia or even administration†. The major even t that occurred was the forceful act of unfair fee payment people were subjected to and how they reacted to the situation. Jefferson’s disregard for the army’s supply caused a greater impact that could be further felt more significantly as a method for the War of 1812 than the creation of the Military Training Academy. This happened when he together with his successor refused to negotiate with the Britons on realistic terms. By doingRead MoreImpact Of The Cold War On The World Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesWas the impact of the Cold War felt most heavily felt by the superpowers (Europe, Russia, and the United States) or in the developing world? The Cold War (1945-1991), a war fought between two social, economic, and political ideologies: Communism and Capitalism. Although essentially fought between two superpowers, the United States of America (U.S.A.) and the Union of Soviet Socialists Republic (U.S.S.R.), the impact was most heavily felt in the developing world. Although there was no direct fightingRead MoreCauses Of The Cold War1108 Words   |  5 Pages From the onset of the Cold War to the modern day historians continue to debate over what the origin of the Cold War was. There are three major proposed causes of the Cold War: economic, ideological, and geopolitical. Noam Chomsky, Richard Barnet, and Michael Swanson argue that the Cold War was fought because of and for various business and economic interests. Historian Ronald Powaski traces the origins of the Cold War to the ideological differences between the two nations beginning at the end ofRead MoreThe Sources of Soviet Conduct by George F. Kennan Essay694 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge F. Kennan, the article impacted and created a different perspective on the spread of Communism and the Soviet Union. Kennan’s philosophy behind stopping Communism from spreading was through containment, even though the telegraph did not have the word containment in it. The Truman Doctrine was established and the number of Presidents that viewed war in foreign soil. Kennan continued to fight Communism and had inputs and theories on other conflicts to include Vietnam and Korea. George KennanRead MoreThe Conflict Between Ussr And Usa During The Cold War1178 Words   |  5 Pagesprocess in which colonies becomes independent of the colonizing country. This process can be as violent as peaceful and most of the revolutions emerging from decolonization were lead by a strong nationalism (Collins English Dictionary, 2007). After World War II, most of the European countries did not have enough economic and political stability to sustain to the different revolts taking place in their colonies and to help them to improve social and economic developments. But, it was inconceivable,Read MoreThe Cold War1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War had an impact regarding Americans socially and culturally. What was the Cold War? The Cold War was a small war between the US and the Soviet Union. It ended up to be that the Soviet Union ended after this.What specifically in social and cultural life did it impact? It impacted how people bonded and they got closer with different cu ltures, such as African Americans. Some of history’s most famous speeches given during this time include John F. Kennedy’s â€Å"A strategy to Peace† and DwightRead MoreMarxism And Its Effects On The World s Republic Of China1493 Words   |  6 Pagesincreased industrialization, worker exploitation, and growing gaps in wealth, Karl Marx formulated a political theory which would go on to remodel global politics in an unprecedented manner. Marxism, as it would later be known, or more generally, Communism, was destined to guide countless nations’ paths to â€Å"liberation.† Two countries in particular, the USSR and the People’s Republic of China, can trace their rapid escapes from â€Å"backwardness† into industrial powerhouses, and international superpowerRead MoreAyn Rands Philosophy1029 Words   |  4 Pagesknown worldwide. Ayn Rands harsh first hand experiences with Communism and the Russian Revolution as a child influenced her to write Anthem because she wanted to express the flaws found in Collectivism. Anthem has much more than an autobiographical significance. One of the origins for the novella was Rand’s own experiences with Soviet Communism. The book is an exposition of novels, movements and ideas that have greatly influenced our world. (Cox) Rand’s Communist views made it hard for her to breakRead MoreSome Thoughts on Prejudice1787 Words   |  7 Pagesinequalities in between people of diverse races. The internal feeling that provokes racism is prejudice. A negative thought that lurks within the mind, prejudice causes us to consider some as inferior to others. But why does prejudice exist in our world? What is the reasoning, if any, behind our inexplicable tendency to differentiate between others? Some say prejudice is a component of human nature. Others believe we pick it up from our elders. Either proposal could be true, as there are various

There is No Justification for the Terror in the U.S.S.R....

There is No Justification for the Terror in the U.S.S.R. in the 1930s I agree more with the statement ‘There can be no justification for the â€Å"terror† in the USSR in the 1930’s. It was motivated purely by Stalin’s lust for power.’ However, I can understand why one could say that terror was essential for the survival of the new communist state or Soviet Union. Stalin used terror to force the USSR to industrialise quickly, which enabled them to ward off the threat from fascism and develop into a world power. Source I, written by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987 a few years before communism fell in Russia,†¦show more content†¦Source K partly agrees with Statement B because it states ‘without terror, who would have failed to notice the clear absurdity of Stalin’s rule?’ This shows that terror was necessary for Stalin to remain in power, and I think that Stalin was crucial to the survival of the USSR in these early days because without Stalin as a strong leader there might have been a power struggle, which may have made the USSR more vulnerable when Hitler invaded. Source K states that Stalin needed to use terror to keep the people ‘obedient’ and more importantly to make them ‘believe in him’. It seems that in the end the Source believes he was a ‘ruthless politician’ who was corrupted by power. Source K is reliable because, Adam Ulam, a historian in Britain writes it. It is written in 1974 and, therefore, Ulam has hindsight and large amounts of sources available for him to use. Source J generally agrees with Statement A because it states ‘Stalin was convinced that this (the use of terror and executions) was necessary for the defence of.. the interests of the victory of socialism and communism†¦In this lies the whole tragedy’. This quote shows how Khrushchev believes that the use of terror and executions was a tragedy and not necessarily needed for the survival of the USSR but that Stalin believed itShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesunited Aragon and Castille into the modern country of Spain in 1469. They founded the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 as a branch of the government and appointed Torquemada to be the grand inquisitor. This government agency caused all sorts of official terror, and was generally bad for Europeans, although it brought certain shortterm benefits to the Catholic Church. On the other hand, King Ferdinand and especially Queen Isabella paid for Christopher Columbus’ trip west to find Asia, and this was very

The Fuel For Fossil Fuel - 901 Words

We use oil every day of our lives. I’m not talking about the oil we cook with, but the one we use to power the electricity plants, our cars, and the cargo ships that import the food we consume. We may not realize how our way of living impacts the lives of people from other parts of the world, but it does – sometimes in a major way. I’ll be honest, I didn’t put too much thought about the amount of gasoline I consumed. I just drove my car everywhere - whether it was to eat, shop, or just travel - without a care in the world. Why? Because it is the most convenient way to get around, and because it is our norm. Our lifestyle is the cause for the immense demand for fossil fuel. What we don’t realize is that this demand leads to more oil drilling, which impacts the lives of an enormous amount of people in countries such as Nigeria, along with destroying their environment. In the informative, and eye opening environmental documentary, Poison Fire, film maker Lars Johansson brings to light how Shell, the oil company, has negatively impacted the country of Nigeria. During the film, Johansson demonstrates how gas flaring and oil spills, executed by Shell, has destroyed the environment of the Niger Delta, and destroyed the lives of the Nigerian people living there. The film features multiple video testimonies of the citizens of the Niger Delta, explaining how the exposure to gas flares has led to various health consequences throughout their community. Furthermore, how oil spills hasShow MoreRelatedFossil Fuel : Fossil Fuels Essay1626 Words   |  7 PagesFossil fuels play a huge part in our nations backup power.   While clean energy is becoming popular for main energy, fossil fuels are relied on for backup energy for industry and commercial buildings.   Different types of fossil fuels have been used throughout history.   Coal and its byproduct has b een used to fuel and improve industry.   While green energy is becoming the newest and cleanest form of energy, the transition between the two will have be dependent on fossil fuels. Fossil fuels play an importantRead MoreFossil Fuel And Fossil Fuels1485 Words   |  6 PagesFossil fuel is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials. Fossil Fuels were formed from decayed prehistoric plants and animals that lived millions of years ago (Science Daily, 2015). According to the U.S Department of Energy, when these ancient living plants and animals died they decomposed and became buried under layers and layers of mud, rock, and sand (2013). Throughout millions of years, they slowly decomposed into organic material. Depending on what combinationRead MoreFossil Fuel Vs. Fossil Fuels1684 Words   |  7 Pagesnatural deposits of fossil fuels (Science Daily). There are 3 types of fossil fuels that we use today. Oil, coal, and natural gas make up the majorit y of our energy source. These resources have been developing in the earth’s crust for billions of years before humans came into existence. Without fossil fuels the world would not be where it is today. The purpose of this paper is to explain the fundamentals of each fossil fuel, the advantages and disadvantages of using fossil fuels as an energy sourceRead MoreFossil Fuel Vs. Fossil Fuels1917 Words   |  8 Pagesnatural deposits of fossil fuels (Science Daily). There are 3 types of fossil fuels that we use today. Oil, coal, and natural gas make up the majority of our energy source. These resources have been developing in the earth’s crust for billions of years before humans came into existence. Without fossil fuels the world would not be where it is today. The purpose of this paper is to explain the fundamentals of each fossil fuel, the advantages and disadvantages of using fossil fuels as an energy sourceRead MoreAlternative Fuels For Fossil Fuels3425 Words   |  14 PagesFossil fuels have become something of a norm in the last few decades, with us as a race becoming more and more dependent on it as an energy sources. However, when and why did we become so dependent on them is an important question. And also when, in fact, did they start to rule our lives rather than the usual other way around? This essay seeks to unravel the causes and processes associated with this dependency, and whether or not there are any alternatives to fossil fuels which can be used in theRead MoreThe Fossil Of Fossil Fuels2133 Words   |  9 PagesFossil fuels are formed from decayed prehistoric plants and animals that lived millions of years ago (Science Daily). According to the United States Department of Energy, when ancient living plants and animals died, they decomposed and became buried under layers of mud, rock, and sand. After millions of years, these plants and animals slowly decomposed into organic material. Depending on what combination of plant and/or animal debris was decomposed, different types of fossil fuels were formed. TheseRead MoreThe Sources Of Fossil Fuels1429 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will discuss the three main fossil fuels which are oil, coal, and natural gas. This research shows how the fossil fuels are formed, where they could be found, and explain how they were formed over millions of years. This paper will show the numerous advantages of fossil fuels compared to the disadvantages and how they are hurting the Earth. Fossils fuels are critical to the function of everyday life. The world would be a different if fossil fuels and their uses were not to of use. Read MoreDecreasing Fossil Fuels1961 Words   |  8 PagesDecreasing Fossil Fuels Over the past century America has continuously used its own fossil fuel resources and paid handsomely for additional supplies, in the race to stay current with modern technology and life .The possession of this resource has made the United States a very prosperous and powerful nation. The same fossil fuels that’s has made America such a powerhouse are the same that are damaging the environment and economy they have enabled. It is imperative that we decrease our dependencyRead MoreThe Scarcity Of Fossil Fuels2993 Words   |  12 Pagesissues pertaining to the scarcity of fossil fuels. It will briefly explore the transition from historical energy sources to the primary use fossil fuels. Why is this a dangerous global issue? What are the effects of said issue as it pertains to the social, economic, and political landscapes? It will also assert how Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1943) is impacted by fossil fuel depletion. Finally, some recommendations will be offere d regarding fossil fuels and future exploration, implementationRead MoreThe Dependence On Fossil Fuels1859 Words   |  8 Pagescentury ago, people have become highly dependent on fossil fuels. Over the past few decades it has become clear that this dependence has been having disastrous effects on the environment, our health, our economy, and our future. Not only that, but fossil fuels are a finite supply and once they are depleted, there is no getting more. If we are to continue to thrive as a society, it is imperative that we reduce our dependence on non-renewable fossil-fuels, and move towards renewable energy sources such

Essay about Feminist Imagery in Joseph Conrads Heart of...

Feminist Imagery in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Many feminist critics have used Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness to show how Marolw constructs parallels and personification between women and the inanimate jungle that he speaks of. The jungle that houses the savages and the remarkable Kurtz has many feminine characteristics. By the end of the novel, it is the same feminized wilderness and darkness that Marlow identifies as being the cause of Kurtzs mental and physical collapse. In Heart of Darkness, the landscape is feminized through a rhetoric of personification. The landscape is constructed as an entity that speaks and acts, and is consequently made to appear as something which is alive. The projection of a face on the†¦show more content†¦She must have had the value of several elephant tusks upon her. She was savage and superb, wild-eyed and magnificent; there was something ominous and stately in her deliberate progress. And in the hush that had fallen suddenly upon the whole sorrowful land, the immense wilderness, the colossal body of the fecund and mysterious life seemed to look at her, pensive, as though it has been looking at the image of its own tenebrous and passionate soul. She came abreast of the steamer, stood still, and faced us. Her long shadow fell to the waters edge. Her face had a tragic and fierce aspect of wild sorrow and of dumb pain mingled with the fear of some struggling, half-shaped resolve. She stood looking at us without a stir, and like the wilderness itself, with an air of brooding over an inscrutable purpose. The wilderness is figuratively embodied in the form of the native woman, and simultaneously personified as a particular type of femininity. The woman becomes a figure for the fearful consuming embrace of the wilderness and darkness which Marlow identifies as having been the cause of Kurtzs collapse, and from which he is protected only by his restraint: Suddenly she opened her bared arms and threw them up rigid above her head as though in an uncontrollable desire toShow MoreRelated Oppositions in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay1209 Words   |  5 PagesOppositions in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is full of oppositions.   The most obvious is the juxtaposition of darkness and light, which are both present from the very beginning, in imagery and in metaphor.   The novella is a puzzling mixture of anti-imperialism and racism, civilization and savagery, idealism and nihilism.   How can they be reconciled?   The final scene, in which Marlow confronts Kurtzs Intended, might be expected to provide resolution.   However, itRead MoreHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad942 Words   |  4 Pages When read at face value, Joseph Conrad’s novella, Heart of Darkness, portrays a tale of white, imperial, oppression of the African natives of the Congo. However, when viewed through the lenses of psychoanalysis and feminism, different interpretations emerge. Psychoanalysis provides a glimpse into the mind of Marlow. The story reads as if it takes place within a dream world. Feminist theory examines the perceptible qualities associa ted with women. Each theory presents a new way of interpreting andRead MoreAnalysis Of Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1729 Words   |  7 PagesIn Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad limits the amount and activity of his female characters, especially through the protagonist Marlow. Marlow merely reduces women into creatures of a different world and fails to see the importance of females. However, through this oppressive view on women, Conrad demonstrates Marlow’s ironic subjugation of women. Although in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, women simply serve as symbols while Marlow attempts to display himself as masculine, Conrad reveals the influenceRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages(2006): 1–28. 46. Patrick K. O’Brien and Leandro Prados de la Escosura, â€Å"Agricultural Productivity and European Industrialization, 1890–1980,† Economic History Review 45, no. 3 (1992): 514–536. 47. Moya, Cousins and Strangers, 150–153, 266–276. Joseph P. Ferrie, â€Å"History Lessons: The End of American Exceptionalism? Mobility in the United States since 1850,† Journal of Economic Perspectives 19, no. 3 (2005): 199–215 also shows exceptionally high levels 50 †¢ CHAPTER 1 of upward mobility

Robbie the Reindeer †Evaluation of the scene in the woods Free Essays

We have been looking at the animation ‘Robbie the Reindeer’. This is an evaluation of the scene when Robbie and Blitzern are fighting in the hover car in the woods. The scene starts off with Robbie on a rocket chasing after the evil Blitzern who is getting away on a hover car. We will write a custom essay sample on Robbie the Reindeer – Evaluation of the scene in the woods or any similar topic only for you Order Now The animators show movement with the trees rushing by. The camera angle change from low shots of Robbie on the rocket to fast panning shots of Robbie flying past on the rocket. There are SFX of the wind rushing by and the rocket and the cars engines. The music is getting louder and louder to build tension. The music is quite fast and has a definite beat so that we can feel the tension. The strong beat could represent the tension before an army goes into battle or even the racing heartbeat of Robbie and Blitzern. Another good thing that I noticed was that the Reindeers ears even flapped in the wind. The fight starts and there is a struggle. Blitzern has Robbie down and says, ‘ Now is when you die’. Just as he says this we see Donner, Robbie’s girlfriend’ in the background. She has been shot out of a cannon and is fast approaching. It is a low shot and Donner looks like she is about to come and crash into the camera. Just as she is about to hit the camera the angle changes to a side view and we see her crash into the Car. She then pulls herself up and stands tall. She starts having a go at Robbie for not being a good boyfriend and all the usual things. While she is saying this Robbie is trying to explain whilst being strangled by Blitzern. Blitzern finally stops fighting Robbie and Says to Donner, ‘How do you expect us to have a fight with you going on like that!?’ He then tries to sort out Donner and Robbie’s problems. The music has stopped by this time and all we can hear it the engine on the car and the wind rushing by. Robbie and Donner sort out their differences and Robbie asks Donner to marry him. As this is happening the music fades back in but in a more romantic mood. Just as Donner is about to accept Blitzern cuts in and says ‘ Oh, how sweet, But Now is when I KILL YOU!’ as he says this, the music gets louder and more dramatic. It is ironic that he says this as he has just helped them get engaged! It is a low camera angle looking up on Blitzern to make him look big and powerful. Then the camera changes to look on Donner. She is standing up with her hands on her hips in an intimidating fashion. The angle is again low looking up to her. She says ‘No one, but No one hurts my Fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½!’ The camera zooms into her face and we can see that she is very angry. The music has changed again and is still dramatic and tension building but not as loud because it is more feminine. She punches Blitzern and he is wrapped around a tree branch and shoots off up into the sky. The music is now in a triumphant style because Robbie and Donner have won. Blitzern then falls to the ground and bounces in to the jail, which is already, crammed full of his rabbit helpers. Then we see that the Park has been turned into a Viking Disco Park. We see a DJ on the decks playing Robbie Williams’ Rock DJ tune. This is linked to Robbie the reindeer’s name and also the music is very contemporary and happy. How to cite Robbie the Reindeer – Evaluation of the scene in the woods, Papers

Essay on Policy Analysis

Question: Describe about the Essay on Policy Analysis. Answer: Introduction The aspect of social policy deals with the decision-making process of the community and governments in terms of investment, the individuals qualified for facilities provided by them etc. integrating the aspects of social issue in totality. Among the population of a country there exists a section of the population for whom medical tourism plays a vital role. This can be seen from the fact that a large section of the children receives education from government funded schools, which naturally makes social policy a significant perspective to deal with (Hall and Midgley, 2006). Hence in order to manage intra-societal relations and forming the quality of living standard it acts as a contributing factor. On the basis of the above made discussion, the assignment will deal with social policy in terms of Education policy; critically analyze the policy and recommendations to enhance these policies. Body The issues of social development are associated with aspects like freedom, justice, right, fairness etc. However, the lack of scientific way of defining it results in its individualistic judgment. The edifice of these forms of judgment is expectations, social values, and norms. It is known as normative theory. The norms, considerations, decision makers values, normative views of the decision makers are reflected in all policy decisions. Social policys value frameworks are provided by normative theories (Tulloch, 1978). A societys religious, cultural, political, ideological beliefs are represented by it. The normative theory consists of different approaches which include statist, enterprise, and populist approach. Statist approach promotes the aspect that in bringing enhancements in social conditions state plays a major role. In this process, social services are required to be improved along with boosting the living standard. Statist approach is also refereed as welfarism. Along with Western industrialized countries organizations like United Nations emphasizes on this approach. The enterprise approach is opposed to enterprise approach. Minimalistic governmental role and its intervention in the social arena are favored in this approach. Thus the edifice of this ideology is perspective of individualism and individual rights. The root of enterprise approach lies in the English Civil Wars, French Revolutions and America. It requires to be mentioned here that other than the state feudal authorities are also resisted in this approach. It is noticeable here that, utilitarianism is also a form of individualism in UK that was derived by Jeremy Bentham. The philosophies of Adam Smith also support the notion of enterprise approach, according to whom, free market should be promoted with minimal state interference. In terms of economy, the French principle of laissez faire expressed the individualistic approach of enterprise approach. According to this concept, the organic functioning of the market like imposing taxes required to be paid for social purposes, should not be disrupted by the state (Gibson, 2011). On the other hand, on engagement of the people, the common beliefs and values shared by them in social welfare is emphasized upon by the populist approach associated with development of social policy. The advocates of populist approach are of the opinion that, rather than governments or individuals, the people form the core of the society. Hence in order to determine whether any policy is beneficial for the society, the people should be made the focal point. It needs to be mentioned here that, at the basic level, in the process of developing social policy, issues of equality, social justice, right, plays integral part and requires to be incorporated in the policy process (Haugen, Musser and Kalambakal, 2010). The concept of equality refers to providing equal opportunities to all individuals of the society. In the concept of equality, equality of opportunity and equality of outcome are the two concepts two contradictory concepts in the relationship of equality. While the concept of rights are based, on the capabilities and needs of individual. The concept of social justice deals with the perspective of which individuals deserve and what are the facilities that should be provided to them. In terms of the Australian social policy, the concept of welfare state forms the basis of these policies. The basis of the concept of welfare state is, with paid labor work is equated and complete employment is possible (Thomas, 2008). The risks associated with natural part of life could be managed with the help of welfare state is another premises of welfare state. Thirdly, welfare acts as a means to strengthening the relationship between the population and the state. Hence, with its help social solidarity is promoted. In the post WWII period, these principles emphasized on the massive expansion of welfare state. However, by 1970, it became clear that in accordance to the plan the concept of welfare state was not working. As a result, in this period, in Australia and around the world the nature of welfare state changed drastically (Boundless.com, 2015). Education is an inseparable and important aspect of individuals life. According to some, education is essential for its intrinsic value, to some it is the means of achieving knowledge and personal enlightenment. However, on a practical basis, it helps them in terms of accessing jobs and contributes to standard of economic wellbeing of individuals. Thus in turn it helps an individual in enhancing the quality of life. With the help of integrating the above mentioned normative theory and the concept of welfare state, the education policy in Australia was formulated. Among all the social policies in Australia, along with health policy education policy is among the most essential perspective in the social policy area. In regards to securing the economic stability of individual which in turn secures the financial security of the nation, education policy is the most essential single indicator. In comparison to OECD average, investment in education institutions in Australia is similar. 6.1% of the GDP of the nation is spending on education. By 0.8% points Australia in the period between 2005 and 2010 increased its expenditure (class note). Whether the school is private or public also determines its funding (Dowling, 2008). Public schools are funded by state governments. 61% of the Australian students receive education from government schools and receive free education. Australian government provide fund to private schools. 33% of the population attend private school. Data reflect that, 50% of the population between 15 and 64 years, in 2003 received some kind of post-secondary education qualification. It is noticeable here that, the population who were participating in the workforce were excess of 80% as compared to totality 68% who did not receive post-secondary qualification. It reflects the fact that as compared to the population having received post-secondary qualification, the population who were not possessing it have chance of more than 3 times to be unemployed (class note). In the 2001 Census from Australian Bureau of Statistics it highlighted upon the aspect of high rates of poor health, unemployment, crime which was associated with lower levels of educational achievement. With the help of a network of private and public providers Australia delivered its educational facilities. In an OECD report on Australian education it was argued that fair and engaging practices were emphasized in its education sector. It further stated that, high completion rate for tertiary education, equality, quality were emphasized by it. However, indigenous and rural populations have lower performance in terms of the academics, and have limited access to tertiary education as compared to national average (Ellis, 2016). Other than class and race inequalities, gender inequalities can also be observed in Australian education system. Girls belonging from lower socio-economic background face considerable inequalities the system. The reason for their facing inequality is their economic condition and secondly because of their gender. The school retention percentage also highlights upon the existing inequalities in terms of class, gender, and race. In the higher education prominent gender disparities can be observed (Argy, 2007). The data of Australian Bureau of Statistics highlights upon the aspect that in terms of financial costs related with post-compulsory education acts as a major challenge for individuals from disadvantaged socio-economical background. Hence it is evident that in order to develop the education policy and imbalances in the education system they are required to be addressed. In order to deal with the above mentioned issues of inequalities in the educational policy of Australia, there are number of initiatives that can be taken by them. Firstly, formulating policies like UK, Education Reform Act which highlights upon educational excellence of the nation, the existing issues may be effectively dealt (Legislation.gov.uk, 2014). Hence, formulating such national school curriculum can turn out to be an effective strategy. Initiatives are required to be taken on the part Australian education policy in terms of quality control which may also help in minimizing the existing disparity. Other than that, the notions of equality and abolishment of discrimination should be promoted on the part of the government which would also contribute in the elimination of existing disparity in the education system. Conclusion From the above made discussion it can be inferred that, normative theory acts as the basis of policy formulation. The concept of welfare state was initially considered as integral in the process of policy formulation, the effectiveness of which later came under question. From this perspective, Australian education policy was discussed in the above discussion where it could be noticed that number of inequalities in terms of gender, caste, economic background are prevalent. In the assignment relevant strategies like social justice have been mentioned to deal with these issues (Dudley, 2006). References Argy, F. (2007). Education inequalities in Australia Institute of Advanced Studies: The University of Western Australia. [online] Ias.uwa.edu.au. Available at: https://www.ias.uwa.edu.au/new-critic/five/educationinequalities [Accessed 25 Aug. 2016]. Boundless.com. (2015). History of the Welfare State. [online] Available at: https://www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/social-policy-17/the-welfare-state-105/history-of-the-welfare-state-558-6935/ [Accessed 25 Aug. 2016]. Dowling, A. (2008). 'Unhelpfully Complex and Exceedingly Opaque': Australia's School Funding System. Australian Journal of Education, 52(2), pp.129-150. Dudley, W. (2006). Social justice. 2nd ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. Ellis, K. (2016). Inequality in Australia's schools is growing and must be reversed | Kate Ellis. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/mar/23/inequality-in-australias-schools-is-growing-and-must-be-reversed [Accessed 25 Aug. 2016]. Gibson, D. (2011). Wealth, power, and the crisis of Laissez Faire capitalism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Hall, A. and Midgley, J. (2006). Social policy for development. 3rd ed. London: SAGE. Haugen, D., Musser, S. and Kalambakal, V. (2010). Social justice. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Greenhaven Press/Gale Cengage Learning. Kamerman, S. and Kahn, A. (2014). Privatization and the Welfare State. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Legislation.gov.uk. (2014). Education Reform Act 1988. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/40/contents [Accessed 25 Aug. 2016]. Thomas, S. (2008). Leading for quality: questions about quality and leadership in Australia. Journal of Education Policy, 23(3), pp.323-334. Tulloch, P. (1978). Normative Theory and Social Policy. Journal of Sociology, [online] 14(1), pp.65-75. Available at: https://jos.sagepub.com/content/14/1/65.extract [Accessed 25 Aug. 2016].