Saturday, August 31, 2019
Professional Development Journal Essay
Education is an aspect where one’s cognitive and learning abilities are put to tests and pushed to its maximum abilities. It is important because education gives a man a career so he can compete with a career-oriented workplace. Education also prepares a man to efficiently and competitively perform his tasks in the field of his expertise in the real world. I have finished an A.A.S. in Telecommunications and still continuing my BS in Criminal Justice in an online school, the Kaplan University. However, I have been in and out of school because of work. Though BS in Criminal Justice is the career that I want to pursue, the need for financial aspects prohibits me to continuously go to school and finish the degree that I want. My skills in my field of interest is not trained and tested since my ten years of schooling has been in and out. The course that I have finished – A.A.S. in Telecommunications has helped me get into a telecommunication industry and this career just provided for my financial needs. When I was employed in chemical industry which produces flavorings that goes with any processed food that we drink or eat, I settled with that kind of job for the reason that I needed money and that I did not finish a degree to which I can qualify to a higher position in any offices. Now I can say that the level of education that I had did not allowed me to get a good job. Thus, the jobs that I got hindered me from continuing my studies because I cannot balance work and study. I have to work to finance my study, that’s why. Also the level of education I have achieved and the jobs that I got into, helped me realized that I can learn things I thought I would never understand. Like when I was working in the chemical industry, I would not have thought that I would understand the chemical stuff there. The realization thing helped boost my self confidence that I can still learn things if I am given the chance to, though I have been in and out of school. However, taking a look at my former job’s effect in my professional growth, I can say that it has not improved at all. I stayed with my work because I needed to fulfill my financial needs, but professionally there was no growth in it. With the telecommunication industry where I have worked for eight years,   it has opened a new field for me and a field where I can practice the degree I got in telecommunications. I have learned about fiber optics and the pay was good that is why I wasn’t able to leave my career there to study. In this job, I had grown professionally because I have already practiced the education I earned. But personal growth was very minimal. My learning abilities were put on a test, but the satisfaction I got from my job was nominal. The reason is that my line of interest is still in criminal justice, and so I can only be satisfied if I practice the field that I am totally interested in. Therefore, I have come to realize that in getting the course and career that I want to get into, I should go for the field I am most interested in. Be educated about it by getting a degree and practicing my career after. Only this can give me the maximum personal and professional growth. I have been taking up BS in Criminal Justice online and have been in and out of it for the past ten years. It has not helped my professional and personal growth in any way. I had jobs to sustain my financial needs for the moment, and when the salary is good I stay with the company. My experiences in different jobs I had was rewarding in a way that I was able to learn new things and that learning is good for me when given the chance to. So I can say that when I be given a chance to finally finish my criminal justice course, I’d be doing good in learning and finally may be able to practice it in the field that I want.            In doing this, I have discovered that employed people with low salary and are not satisfied with their jobs have these reasons why they still stay in the work they have. One is, lack of education, and even if they wanted to study, education is expensive and they still have to settle other financial deadlines they have. Another is, they might have taken the wrong choice of career. At some point in people’s life, they are too young to know what they want, that when they get a course in college, they just at times trust their instincts or what they think is cool. Next reason is that there are no other options for them, following reasons for this may vary depending on the kind of life a person has, or the difficulties they encounter. Professional Development Journal is a record of all the activities, seminars, awards and achievements, scholarships, workshops, trainings and education that a person attended that would help him track down his qualifications when trying to prepare for a resume, get employed and succeed in his chosen career. It is important to keep a record of these because it would be a great help especially in reaching a qualification or standard when applying for work or scholarship. A sample format of Professional Development Journal: Name:                                                                                   Age: Office Address:                                                                    Phone No. Permanent/Home Address:                                                  Phone No. Course of study: Major:                          Minor:                          Concentration: List down seminars attended, workshops, organizational activities and positions. Specify the date of event. List down awards, recognitions and scholarships received. Specify the date of event. Career Development: Employment while in school, internship, duty/responsibility, start/end date. Interview questions (may be included). Have you ever planned a whole event by yourself? How was it? Describe briefly. What is your plan of action to the members who refuse to follow rules and do not participate in activities? When was the moment where you experienced being in an ethical conflict? What did you do? Specify References. (Do not use a friend’s or a relative’s name and ask permission before listing.) Work References: (Include company name, position, scope of work, date started and date of the end of contract.) Non-work References: (Include name, title, company, address and contact numbers.) Reference Professional Development Journal. January 30, 2008 retrieved from www.philau.edu/career/parents/documents/ProfessionalDevelopmentJournal_000.doc
Friday, August 30, 2019
Brechtian Performance- Second Reflection Essay
1. What Brechtian techniques did you use in your group? Myself and my fellow group members used many different Brechtian techniques in our peace of Epic Theatre. Firstly, we decided on a social issue to base our peice of theatre on, our final being the issue of gay marriage. We then set this issue based on the story of The Three Muskateers, and changed the name to Three Muskaqueers.This word play and the theme of gay marraige continued on throughout our peice of theatre. Also, to continue the theme of homosexuality, we used Brechts idea of introducing Gods who pass jugdment on the play and the characters, Hamzah was our God of Gays. We also used a popular song the YMCA and changed the words according to our social issue and story. Other Brechtian techniques we used were scene cross cutting, gestus and greeze frames and we also had a narrator who introduced our play. 2. How well did you think you used them (Popular audince reaction/engagement/understanding. Critical; opinions of other practitioners & Self; personal targets you may have set yourself) I think that our group used most of the techniques very well. We were able to explicitly use the Brechtian techniques we chose, such as using a God to pass judgement and using a narrator, however i feel we could have improved on other aspects of Brechtian theatre; such as including the characters saying stage directions. If we had added more of these techniques our peice would have become more Brechtian and would have been more obvious to the audience that our performance was a peice of theatre. I think we used our social issue and story well as we cleverly created a play on words from the original story of the Three Muskateers to the Three Muskaqueers. I feel that overall, from the reaction that we got from the audience and how i feel about our peice of theatre from the targets i first set myself that we used the techniques very well. 3. How well did you ‘synthesis’ your content (what you were saying) with the form (how you were saying it) What did you think was effective and why? I think that we had quite a fair amount of synthesis in our production as we kept the theme of â€Å"homosexuality†and â€Å"gay marraige†running throughout the peice. We incorporated this theme into our chosen theme song, and into puns and jokes we made throughout the peice of theatre. I feel that we could have, towards the end of the peice kept the theme running more as we changed the story by making one of the main characters turn straight, and our teacher and fellow students did not fully understand this choice, so i feel that we could have made this mroe obvious or changed this. 4. If you were not happy with aspects of your work then what alternative approaches might you have pursued? Mention at least 2 aspects of your peers work that you thought was effective and why, as you consider alternatives. 1) I feel that we could have used the use of stage directions more because we did not include this as much as we could have, and this part of Epic Theatre is a very important part of Brechts work as he uses it to break the â€Å"fourth wall†between the actors, the play and the audience. 2) I feel that we also could have used either mime or mask in our theatre. Although none of the other groups did this, it is a very well known Brechtian technique, and would have made our peice of theatre stand out much more through the use of nboth Mime and masks.
Thursday, August 29, 2019
Aged Care Centre Cost Analysis and Cost Management
In the contemporary world, cost consciousness is increasing among project team managers. Accordingly, when desire to offer more as well as better services has to confront the restrained ability to finance extra spending, project team managers have been naturally led to a cost-benefit analysis for the decision relating to resource allocation. Policy analysts along with researchers acknowledge generally the need to employ cost-benefit analysis and hence willing to employ this analytic tool Age Care Center (ACC) service programs (Elleh, 2013). Many remain hesitant, nevertheless, to apply cost-benefit analysis as a technique for guiding policy making in ACC and posit that other analytical tools have to be sought. It is the contention of the current author that cost-benefit analysis is able to fruitfully employ in ACC field and, with the technique’s acknowledged limitations, it remains both objective and powerful tool for evaluating ACC programs. This section undertakes the cost-analysis of ACC in Australia (Heldman, 2013).  . An array of aged care services are subsidized by the government of Australia. It is anticipated that one will contribute towards the cost of one’s care in case one can afford where one’s personal circumstance permits. One could be wonder how much it costs to enter into an ACC. A residential care fee estimator has, however, been availed to assist in the estimation of what ACC costs he will be required to pay. Strong protection are available to make sure that care is reasonably priced in ACC for everybody. The government of Australian undertakes to regulate the maximum cost on may have to pay. This is utilized as a contribution towards one’s daily living costs like meals, laundry, cleaning, cooling and heating. Every person entering the ACC can be asked to make a payment for this fee. The highest basic daily fee for fresh inhabitants as well as interval inhabitants is pegged at $48.44 a day. The rate rises on 20 th March as well as 20 th September per annum in accordance with alterations to Age Pension. For new residents, the upper limit of the basic daily fee is eighty-five percent of the lone individual rate of basic Age Pension. Beginning 20 th September 2016, a solitary rate basic Age Pension became 797.9 dollars a fortnight, besides eighty-five percent of sole rate of basic Age Pension became 678.210 dollars a fortnight. Such fees remain in effect even when one is a member of a couple. People will know the rate they need to pay as they obtain a letter arising from Department of Human Services which confirms his highest basic daily fee which is subjected to yearly indexing on March 20 th and September 20 th in accordance with the Age Pension increases. It describes the extra payment towards ACC fees which certain individuals might be needed to remit. The DHS have a duty to work out whether one is obligated to pay such an extra cost anchored on income and assets assessments and advice the applicant of an amount. A half of a couple’s merged income and assets are regarded in the determination of the means-tested care fee, irrespective of which spouse nets income or possess assets. Means-tested care fees have annual and lifetime caps. Upon hitting the cap, one ceases to pay further means-tested care fees. Any income-tested care fees paid already in a Home Care Package before touching into ACC shall as well account for one’s yearly and lifespan limits. Aged care means test are assessed via such information deemed incomed and exemptions. Such information is available on the website of Department of Human Services. The residential aged care may as well affect Centrelink payments. The current means-tested fee is pegged at $25,939.92 per annum, or $62,255.85 over a lifetime. One has to be given an account of how his income will be affected by this fee before making a major financial decision like selling a family home. The services of a financial adviser is necessary to assist in working out the best strategy for one’s own condition. ACC program requires one to pay accommodation fees in the facility. Certain individuals may have their respective costs of accommodation paid fully or partially by government of Australia whereas others residents will have to make payments for accommodation cost agreed with the ACC. The Department of Human Services has a duty to advise which arrangement applies to a person on the basis of an assessment of his asset and income. For a partner of a couple, a 1/2 of the merged assets and income are accounted for in the determination of a partner’s eligibility for assistance by the government with accommodation costs when one enters ACC, irrespective of the partner earning the income or owning the asset. The average cost of accommodation is around $350,000 to $400,000, but it could go higher where one is living in an expensive city such as Melbourne or Sydney or for a room with private bathroom. A financial Adviser will help choose between a lump sum payments (Refundable Accommodation Deposit-RAD) or Daily Accommodation Payments (DAP) or a merger of both. DAP remain essentially interest payments on an outstanding accommodation payment amount, whereas RAD is an interest-free loan to the facility that one will get back when he leaves or will be part of his estate when one passes on. Extra fees can apply where a person goes for an advanced accommodation standard or extra services. Additional service cost are applicable to such inhabitants who are in additional service facilities. Such places are under regulation and purposed to capture a sophisticated standard of services or accommodation. ACC that have devoted additional service facilities remain presently needed to publish their respective additional service costs on their website called â€Å"My Aged Care†, along with additional relevant materials provided by them to potential inhabitants. Additional extra care as well as services along with related costs remain under regulations. Such additional costs are under the agreements between the resident and ACC care giver. Such fees range across ACC. A person’s ACC care provide is able to give one the details of such services, like Foxtel, and hairdressing alongside other applicable fees (Kerzner, 2013).  It is increasingly tricky to navigate the minefield of taking members of family into ACC care. There is a need to decode the loopholes that can potentially save one heartache and money. Making arrangements for the aged care for ageing parent that is not surviving at home could become emotionally demanding experience coupled with the added stress to navigate the unfamiliar as well as complex territory of welfare system of Australia to ensure one is undertaking correct action financially. An adult child will automatically get herself trapped in a converse responsibility of care as well as decision maker at such a time, facing choices like whether to engage in the sale of a family house or not to pay for ACC care cost of residential care, a matter which seemingly is never a straightforward decision (George, Harris & Mitchell, 2012). The figure might be so challenging-aged-care accommodation bonds averaged 213,000.0 dollars countrywide in the year 2009, however, they are usually between 350,000.0 dollars and 450,000.0 dollars for homes located in large cities. At the leading edge, the prod one million dollar for a hotel-kind room in prestigious Sydney site. Further, however, nothing remains the way it appears and there exist the rationale certain individuals might choose to make payment for the high bond. Surely, such undertakings become substantial financial decisions and remains second biggest financial decision made when considering ACC care. Several people have ended up making such decisions in a hurry without considering the any financial implications and opportunities attached. To this end, an adult child needs to own the possibly stroppy but together essential discussion with their respective elderly parents alongside household consultants (Ji & Yao, 2014). People who seek for ACC care encounter three categories of care including high care, low care, along with extra services. Low-care accommodation are accompanied with ‘personal care’ facilities like assist with eating alongside bathing. Higher-care integrates services of nursing into this mix along with extreme needs. It should, however, never be substituted for extra services that describes a higher standard of accommodation, food, along with additional hotel-style services (Marià ±o et al., 2016). Many people, unfortunately think it is merely a substance of placing their designation down at the ACC home, however, it really goes beyond that. Key to unlocking the ACC care system is ACAT form from Aged Care Assessment Team which determines the type of care and facility. This form is essential in helping one to attract the government subsidy. Managing cost in an ACC facility calls for earlier planning so as not to leave the decisions for the children. One must focus first on how to benefit from the government subsidies (Ebbesen & Hope, 2013). Before choosing the best quality of care, one needs to work out his finances. A person has to factor in his upfront and ongoing costs along with having something put away for additional expenses which emerges, one will be able to figure out exactly what he can afford- and begin looking for ACC which meets his needs within his budget (Catanio, Armstrong & Tucker, 2013). Getting financial advice is essential in managing aged care cost. The guidance of a Financial Adviser who is specialized in aged care make one to have support needed to manage government an aged care home-derived paperwork. The Financial Adviser will further work out the right payment alternatives for the client’s situation, while concurrently making sure there is a steady cash flow to account for the client’s immediate needs. What is more, Financial Adviser can guide his client through the biggest financial decisions he needs to make. This will be right from selling the family home to planning his estate. The Financial Adviser will assist one understand the longer run impacts of such cost and decisions, including the impacts on his pension as well as aged care means-tested fees. Catanio, J. T., Armstrong, G., & Tucker, J. (2013). The effects of project management certification on the triple constraint. International Journal of Information Technology Project Management (IJITPM), 4(4), 93-111. Ebbesen, J. B., & Hope, A. (2013). Re-imagining the iron triangle: embedding sustainability into project constraints. PM World Journal, 2(III). Elleh, F. U. (2013). Software-Enabled Project Management Techniques and Their Relationship to the Triple Constraints. ProQuest LLC. George, B., Harris, A., & Mitchell, A. (2012). Cost-effectiveness analysis and the consistency of decision making. Pharmacoeconomics, 19(11), 1103-1109. Heldman, K. (2013). PMP: project management professional exam study guide. John Wiley & Sons. Ji, X., & Yao, K. (2014). Uncertain project scheduling problem with resource constraints. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 1-6. Kerzner, H. R. (2013). Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons. Marià ±o, R., Tonmukayakul, U., Manton, D., Stranieri, A., & Clarke, K. (2016). Cost-analysis of teledentistry in residential aged care facilities. Journal of telemedicine and telecare, 22(6), 326-332. Serrador, P., & Pinto, J. K. (2015). Does Agile work?â€â€A quantitative analysis of agile project success. International Journal of Project Management, 33(5), 1040-1051. Silvius, A. J., & Schipper, R. P. (2014). Sustainability in project management: A literature review and impact analysis. Social Business, 4(1), 63-96. Stellingwerf, R., & Zandhuis, A. (2013). ISO 21500 Guidance on project management-A Pocket Guide. Van Haren. Whittington, J. W., Nolan, K., Lewis, N., & Torres, T. (2015). Pursuing the triple aim: the first 7 years. Milbank Quarterly, 93(2), 263-300.
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
AUSTRALIA INSURANCE LAW Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words
AUSTRALIA INSURANCE LAW - Research Paper Example In Australia, the Medical Insurance law is designed mainly to deter medical negligence as well as to compensate patients who are injured by negligent doctors and other health-care professionals. Where compensation is concerned, several studies have shown a significant mismatch between claims and negligent injuries, i.e. only a small proportion of negligent injuries results in claims (the iatrogenic pyramid) (Lavenant, 2002, 4) and only a small proportion of claims involve true negligent injury. (Liebman, 2004, 24) This suggests that many injured patients do not sue for compensation while others readily attribute poor clinical outcomes to negligence. If an injured patient sues because he wants an explanation or apology rather than monetary compensation, then litigation may not be the appropriate solution, as opposed to alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Moreover, medical disputes that arise from poor clinical outcomes can be settled through proper post-event communication instead o f litigation. The determination of appropriate reforms usually takes into account issues on moral justice vis-à -vis public policy. More often than not, reforms are perceived by their opponents as threatening individual rights to institute legal action or to be compensated in whole. On the other hand, advocates call for reforms to minimise undesirable the economic and non-economic consequences of excessive litigation that may have adverse effects on society. After Rogers v. Whitaker (1992) the court decided it should be decided by the patient if they are willing to undergo a medical treatment. The doctor’s responsibility is to tell patient all about the risks and benefits of any proposed course of treatment. (Love, 2007) Medical malpractice reform is a multidimensional issue that cannot be perceived from a single viewpoint or addressed using one distinct strategy. Inevitably, there will always be controversy over various reforms. This paper aims critically to review some
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
A problem in civil engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
A problem in civil engineering - Essay Example The effects of civil engineering to the environment start from its construction to its use i.e. the use of vehicles on the already built roads. All these have contributed to the environmental pollution. The most areas that civil engineering affects in the environment include the air, water and it defragments the habitats. All these effects are the main contributors of climate change (Moavenzadeh, 1994, p. 29). The main origin of this pollution is the construction sites. This is where all the activities take place. The main products in the construction site are the waste products. Construction is one of the economic activities that use natural resources but it produces wastes to the environment. These wastes are produced in very high quantities that cannot be disposed easily. There accumulation increasing in very short time. These wastes can be in form of gas, sand, stones, ceramic or glass. Other dangerous products include wood treated with metal oxides and the paints. All these wast es are produced in large quantities yet they cannot be recycled. This has given engineers hard times in trying to either to disposes or recycle them. Other products can be recycled but the problem is that they are already contaminated. Civil engineers have been forced to buy some landfills in order to dispose the wastes there. Deposition can be very hard more especially where some people refuse to sell their landfills for deposition (Moavenzadeh, 1994, p. 34). The construction wastes caused a lot of contamination on both land and the water. During construction, the fluids used are the main pollutants to the environment. At times, these fluids are pumped into the sewage but they also damage the sewage plants. For these plants to be repaired, they require high cost and this cause too much inconveniences to the authorities involved. To avoid all these problems, all waste paint used should be collected and recycled. Furthermore, water used for washing contains a lot of suspensions that may also cause some inconveniences in the sewage treatment. Construction also causes emission of dust and other gases into the air leading to air pollution. With increase in this air pollution, it leads to climate change. Dust can also cause visual impact. This leads to invisibility. Construction sites are also full of noise. Noise is air pollution. Noise is generated by the heavy machineries used for construction. However it is very important to research on the effects of civil engineering on the environment. The main objective of the research is to find the various ways in which the civil engineering activities affect the environment and the possible ways of reducing these effects (Moavenzadeh, 1994, p. 37). Task 2 Despite the positive impacts that civil engineering entails, there are also negative effects that the activity brings to the environment. These negative effects are increase as the civil engineering intensifies in most parts of the world. The need of more civil construc tions has made it difficult to reduce these civil engineering effects on the environment. However, there is a need to look at the way this civil construction affects the climate and to deduce the possible ways to reduce it. Research should be done to identify then factors that accelerate these effects and the ways of controlling the menace should be put in place. The hypothesis of this research is to identify how civil engineering affects the environment a
Monday, August 26, 2019
Main plans to turn Motorola around Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Main plans to turn Motorola around - Essay Example As set forth by Crockett and Reinhardt, the first element of his plan was to bolster management, by reviewing performance and then firing the bottom 10% of managers. He then targeted the product line for new development within the mobile phone and semiconductor departments. When Zafirovski came to the company, Motorola had a wide variety of products distributed among its six businesses. His third move was to reassess the portfolio with the objective of determining whether the company should retain all of the businesses or reposition the mix. With those operational and product strategies moving forward, he turned to fiscal concerns. In an obvious move for a company with financial troubles, he sought to cut costs. By reducing the workforce, shutting down some factories, and trimming the number of cell phone platforms, he increase the cash flow of the organization. Finally, he targeted the company's long-term debt for reduction (58). By employing these five broad strategies, Zafirovski was able to increase performance and product lines, focus his team on what was working, and increase the cash-flow and gross profit margins of the organization. As a member of the board of Motorola, the first question is how I would approach the hiring of a successor. With Zafirovski's duties being transferred to the CEO for the moment (Haley 1), it is important that the board move swiftly to replace the operations officer. That said, however, succession planning is an "ongoing and complex endeavor that is necessarily broad in scope. It therefore presents significant barriers to both implementation and long-term maintenance" (Bowley, 6). The board cannot afford to rush the process and take the chance of putting the wrong person in such a key position. Zafirovski's well-planned moves put Motorola into a state of good transition, and the right candidate must be able to consolidate the internal an external relationships of the company. Using key industry contacts and networking with other members of the business community, I would conduct research into finding a pool of qualified candidates. Once I had identified five or six qualified and avai lable people, I would arrange in-depth interviews with them to determine their compatibility with the CEO, mid-level management, and all strategic partners of Motorola. I would also ascertain the candidates' management philosophy and style, as well as ask their opinions of Zafirovski's strategies. I would request that they confirm whether they would maintain the focus set by Zafirovski or, if not, what their strategies might be. Predicated upon the answers I received, I would vote to hire the candidate that presented the best mix of strengths within the parameters I had set. As to keeping Zafirovski's reforms, my answer is an unqualified yes. In two years, his strategies had turned the company around from losses to profits, and positioned Motorola ahead of some of its key competitors, Lucent Technologies and LM Ericsson (Crockett and Reinhardt, 58). The shareholders of the company have to be happy with that
Sunday, August 25, 2019
Heraclitus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Heraclitus - Essay Example These fragments covered various notions that humans go by in their daily lives and put them in a philosophical manner showing the social stature of each. The fragments are over one hundred and they assist individuals learn how to counter some of life issues. The fundamental of the fragments is ensuring that there exists co-existence of different people without change affecting their living or rather their manner of operation (Russell 56). The doctrine of flux is a principle that seeks to show the manner of thinking portrayed by Heraclitus. According to him, everything is subject to change and this change happens every time and in different places. An analogical expression of the doctrine assists in understanding it further. A flux is generally a flow and this is characteristic of change. Just like the way a river flows and water in it does not remain in one position, so is the case for life. The reason is that change happens consistently and various things do not remain in the same position. To understand the famous river fragment by Heraclitus, an individual ought to view this from a literal view where there is the understanding of the various concepts brought out in the fragment. The part where he states that it is impossible for a person to step twice in a river is meant to show that the part of the river that the person steps on is not the same one that he will step on if he decides to step in the river again. This is because that part of the river has already gone and finding it in the same place again is impossible. This is to illustrate the fact that things in this life are subject to change such as that part of the river that cannot be found in the initial location again. He however states that despite the change that takes place within the river, itself it does not change and remains constant (Kahn 89). Another point that he states is that it is impossible to capture something in its stable condition given the fact that it is immortal. This shows the
Managing Financial Resources in Health and Social Care Essay
Managing Financial Resources in Health and Social Care - Essay Example The essay presents how various aspects of financial resources should be managed in health and social care. It is the responsibility of the management to ensurethat funding is available to meet the daily needs of the organization. In the cause of events, finance may be needed in order to invest in equipment stocks, pay employees, equipment and cater for sales made on credit. If not well taken care of, sources of finance may end up dry; this may make an institution to be in financial jeopardy. Financial control plays a critical role in helping the business meets its objectives.As a manager, my role is to ensure that all these are achieved. Financial shortfalls arise when an organization cannot pay its bills on time due to lack of cash. As a manager I have been oriented to be proactive about financial shortfalls while upholding an account for contingency all the time. Through review of BUPA’s cash flow for the last six months, the company is capable to determine the cash flow in terms of expenditure and income; this aids the company in reserving cash needed for purposes of expenditure for the subsequent six months. After realizing the company’s assets, the company has a well-planned schedule on how to pay its suppliers to avoid conflicts with respective suppliers. The company also encourages early payments from the customer by offering discounts on such payments; this increases the chances of early cash availability. Payment of suppliers on a scheduled basis helps the company to avoid shortfalls since suppliers get their due especially when the funds are available. Fraud is an obvious threat to organization’s resources and therefore must be a concern to all employers and employees within a specific jurisdiction (Petrucelli 2002). In the event of fraud, managers are expected to set good example by conforming fully to procedures and controls. As a manger, quick action is necessary to avoid any further loss bearing in mind that this is just an al legation and until the outcome of investigation is determined. Movement and preservation of evidence to a safe place or location is vital where practicable. Both internal auditor and director of finance are supposed to be notified. Prompt and vigorous investigation should be carried out; after that, report findings should be forwarded to both internal auditor and director of finance. If possible consult with the appropriate departments concerned or involved. Notification to security agents should be carried out by the manager following consultation with the executives of the BUPA at National Director Level. As some may put it, coming up with a budget may be easy, sticking to it is the hard part. A well planned budget has little no impact without willpower and close monitoring (Amey 1979). A system for recording expenses and producing reports should be in place. As a manger, insisting on regular monitoring reports is way of ensuring that whatever was projected in the budgets is follo wed to the latter. Through monitoring reports, it makes it easy to determine actual spending at a particular period of the month compared to what was projected in the budget. The level of expenditure should be documented and clear reports drawn from them; the concerned departments should be informed so as to get their input on the same. The audit committee should review the reports. After conclusion, there should be immediate action taken
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9
Art History - Essay Example This particular link must affect the viewer. So, real art must have the capacity to unite people via communication. Art can also be the constant state of change and therefore, finding an exact meaning for the word â€Å"art†can be difficult. Art has a name; it has a shape, size, stroke, color and texture. And every piece of art is unique. In light of that piece of information, one can better grasp the concept of art and all of its beauty. Peter Paul Rubens was born in 1577 and was considered a seventeenth century baroque painter. His style of art emphasized movement, color and sensuality. This is clearly visible in all of his paintings but one painting in particular. Because Peter was well known for his counter-reformation altarpieces, landscapes and history paintings and mythological allegorical subjects, he was criticized. He was a classically educated humanist scholar art collector and diplomat who was knighted by both the king of Spain and the king of England. Peter did not just paint for any reason. Every painting has a certain frame, stroke, color and size which will lend to his reasoning behind the painting. His 1639 paining of he, his wife and son has a particular view and purpose. It is first and foremost an oil painting on wood. The dimensions are 80.25 high by 62.25 inches long. Rubens’ wife Helena became the model for ideal beauty or love. His paining switches the focus to Helena being the ideal mom of that time and away from him being the dominant half. The parrot symbolizes the Virgin Mary and in the background you can see Peter’s garden which he painted as a reminder of his courtship to his wife Helena. Rubens combines bold brushstrokes, luminous color and shimmering light of the Venetian school with the fervent vigor of Michelangelo’s. His use of color richness adds to the painting and highlights certain aspects that he feels to be important either by experience in travel or connections to people. His art is
Friday, August 23, 2019
Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Analysis - Essay Example People who work in this type of industry are often linked with issues that deal with deception and public manipulation. The release of information is so quick that it tends to become viral affecting people of all ages. Whatever medium that may be whether it is radio, television or print, finding a market is not at all hard since people are always intrigued with what is happening around the world. Media Companies Media Companies earn money basically through the widespread of information. Almost in every household there is a presence of mass media through its mediums like the television, newspapers, magazines, computers or even cellular phones. Clearly this shows the attachment of the following mediums to the people’s everyday lives. The thing that is common between the media companies and other types of businesses is that they spend money to create or buy products that will eventually let them earn profit. Many people will gain benefit from it including those who are seeking jo bs and hoping to work in media companies. A lot of risks are present when a media company releases something new to the public. There is for example rejection, people’s lack of interests to the advertised product or services, the spreading of the wrong information that may lead to law suits or the issues that might be thrown by the competitors to try to damage the leading companies’ reputation. A lot of controversies are thrown to the media industry, despite of this it continues to prosper. This is certainly because of its main asset which is information. There may be some negative issues but that does not mean that all media companies are up for no good and are just eager to earn. Some companies are committed to give what is due to the public. Top Media Companies in the US and Canada The following are among the top media companies in the United States and Canada, offering products and services such as pay television channels, online and print publications, websites, a dvertisements, and radio programs through its radio stations. There is no question why after all the struggles they have undergone through the years, these companies are now tougher to face new challenges that may come their way. American Media, Inc. American Media Inc. (AMI) is a leading magazine and tabloid newspaper publisher in the US with its Chairman and CEO David Pecker. It reaches up to 54 million of America’s men and woman a month having an over-all circulation of 6.8 million and about 10 million visitors on its online publication with a hundred views per month (â€Å"About Us†). The topics covered by their publications are those that the Americans are obsessed with, mostly on gossips and good health. It also offers sales and marketing services that enable them to have an even distribution of their periodicals on different supermarkets in areas of the US and Canada (â€Å"American Media Inc. Company Profile†). Last November 17, 2010 the company filed fo r Chapter 11 Bankruptcy which according to the United States Court is allowable only to corporations and partnerships who at time of debt, cannot actually pay the creditor due to the small amount of assets that the company owns (â€Å"Reorganization Under the Bankruptcy Codeâ€
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Integrity vs Despair Essay Example for Free
Integrity vs Despair Essay As we grow older and become senior citizens we tend to slow down our productivity and explore life as a retired person. It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and are able to develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life. If we see our life as unproductive, or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness. From what I could tell, my pt falls into the Integrity stage. He was always positive about what came his way and he seemed in good spirits even though he was sick and in the hospital. Physical: My patient was in excellent overall physical condition considering his age. Aging adults, especially the very old, are vulnerable to skin breakdown. Pressure ulcers are due to impaired circulation. My patient had a reddened area on his elbow and he said it was from getting in and out of bed and pushing his self up with his elbows. Emotional: The elderly have a development of a greater emotional complexity with better comprehension and control of emotional reactions. My patient seemed to be in great emotional status in the time I got to spend with him. He was in very good spirits even though he was in the hospital. Cognitive: The slowing that occurs in all cognitive tasks where speed of response is a factor is the most pervasive cognitive change with developmental aging. Also, oxygen is necessary for proper physical and cognitive functioning and is carried through the blood. The elderly with poor circulation may experience forgetfulness and other symptoms of poor cognition. My patient showed no signs of forgetfulness in the time I spent with him. He told me stories about when he was in the military from many years ago. He also had a very good memory. I explained to him why I pressed on his thumbnail to check his capillary refill and a couple hours later he was talking to his sister on the phone telling her what he had learned. Social: Older persons may get frustrated or embarrassed because sometimes it is hard from them to understand what is being said. They may have to have people repeat themselves, or endure shouting when a speaker tries to be heard. My patient doesn’t seem to have a problem socializing but did have a hard time understanding what I said and would ask me to repeat myself. When I spoke to him I just used a louder voice so that he could understand and hear me better.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
The Relationship Between The English Legal System And International Law International Law Essay
The Relationship Between The English Legal System And International Law International Law Essay The essay deals with the relationship between the English legal system and international law. Although there is some discrepancy among the two systems, they merge at some points. Looking at the theories around this issue, our domestic legal order seems to follow the dualist approach. Nonetheless, both the attitude of international law towards municipal rules and the approach as regards the law of the nations by the English legal system need to be examined. Even though the international legal machine does not permit a state to use its domestic law as a defence to violation of its international obligations, it does not entirely ignore municipal law rules. This means that there is an overlap between the two systems. Apart from that, by observing the reaction of the English legal system to treaty law it appears that conventions should be domesticated, through transformation, by an Act of Parliament. It should be noted that this is an expression of the dualist approach. In addition, menti on is made to the attitude of our domestic legal system towards customary international law, which tends to be unsteady. Despite the fact that international custom was considered to be incorporated in English law for years, according to recent cases there seems to be a change towards the transformation doctrine. Moreover, though there are areas of international law where the English courts cannot intervene, the law of the nations is not utterly distant from our domestic legal system. As a matter of fact, albeit some differences between the two legal systems they have influence upon each other.  Introduction Nowadays, a close observation of international law will reveal an enormous development in its substance. As a matter of fact, this distinct system of law, which regulates the interrelationship of sovereign states, deals with exceptionally significant matters like human rights, war and international crimes. At this point, a question that might be asked by a person reading regularly the International News section in a British newspaper will be the following: Given the importance of international law and its common interests in certain fields with the English legal system, what is their relationship? Is there an overlap or a gap between them? In order to provide a reliable answer, we should examine the position of municipal law within the international sphere and mainly how the English legal system responds to treaty and customary international law. Theories on the relationship of international and internal law Among other things, scholars attempted to explain the relationship between international and domestic law through various theories. Most persistent have been the theories of monism and of dualism. On the one hand, monists (like Lauterpacht) argue that there is a single legal order with international law at the peak and all national rules below it in the hierarchy. [1] In contrast, under the dualist theory supported, supported by Oppenheim and Triepel, international and municipal are two different legal systems existing side by side but operating in different arenas. [2] Indeed, jus gentium is a law between independent states whereas domestic law applies within a state regulating the relations of its citizens with each other and with the executive. Accordingly, international law rules to be considered have to be domesticated through adoption or transformation by the national legislature. In general, it seems that various countries have adopted one or the other doctrine with many common law countries supporting the dualist view while civilian systems subscribe to the monist school of thought. Nevertheless, there are elements of both perspectives in the jurisprudence of many states. Therefore, the opposing schools of dualism and monism do not adequately reflect actual state practice. [3] Specifically, Fitzmaurice characterizes the monist-dualist controversy as unreal and artificial since each system is supreme in its own field. [4] Even though the English legal system tends to employ the dualist approach [5] , before forming a whether or not it never meets the law of the nations, an assessment of their attitude towards each other ought to be conducted. The position of English-municipal rules in international law Undoubtedly, in the practice of international courts and tribunals there is a dividing line between international and domestic law. They have established principles regarding the application of municipal law within the international legal system. As a general rule, a state cannot justify the violation of its international obligations by relying upon its domestic legal situation. [6] This provision has been established by state practice and decided cases. To start with, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 (hereafter VCLT) states that a party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty. [7] In addition, non-compliance with municipal law rules on the competence to make treaties may not generally be invoked by a state to invalidate its consent to a convention, except if the infringement of its domestic law in question is manifest and concerned a rule of fundamental importance. [8] Apart from that, case-law illustrates the above principle. For instance, in the Alabama Claims Arbitration [9] , albeit the absence of British legislation necessary to intervene with the private construction and sailing of the ship concerned, Great Britain violated its obligations as a neutral in the United States Civil War by allowing the departure to occur. Further, reference should be made to the decision of the International Court of Justice in the Applicability of the Obligation to Arbitrate under Article 21 of the UN Headquarters Agreement of 26 June 1947 [10] , where it was emphasized that the fundamental principle of international law is that international law prevails over domestic law. [11] This was re-affirmed in the La Grand [12] case, where the US procedural default rule could not affect the liability of the USA for the breach of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 1963. Besides, it is obvious that there is a general duty for states to bring domestic law into conformity with international obligations. As shown in the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations [13] case, international law rules can be translated into internal law by any method that the domestic jurisdiction of states wishes to apply. Even a failure to bring municipal law into line with its international obligations is not in itself a direct contravention of international law and a violation occurs only when the state concerned could not fulfil its obligations on a specific occasion. [14] Additionally, it must be noted that international law cannot entirely ignore municipal law which plays a crucial role in the operation of the international legal machine. [15] We should not forget that domestic law may be used as evidence of international custom leading to the growth of this source. There have been occasions that were decided solely on the basis of the municipal law of a particular case. [16] What is more, in the case of Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia [17] it was underlined that domestic court decisions and legislative measures may comprise evidence of conduct by the state concerned which can essentially create international responsibility. As a result, internal law rules have numerous functions on the international plane and they should not be utterly marginalized. The attitude of English law to international law Aside from the response of the international legal apparatus to municipal rules, it is more essential to take note of the approach of the English legal system to the law of nations in our attempt to find whether they have a hidden meeting place. It is inevitable that the escalating permeation of international legal rules within domestic systems influences the way English law reacts to jus gentium. The next two sections pertaining to the status of international treaties and customary law in our domestic system will help us discover if the two systems merge. National legal systems are free to select how they implement these two sources of international law and their choice of materials varies greatly. [18] It is worth mentioning that there is a dichotomy between the rule for treaties and that for customary law, surrounding the application of international law by English courts. [19] Treaty Law Approach In England, the fact that the conclusion of treaties is within the prerogative of the Crown determines the way that treaty law is approached. There is no doubt that in the absence of a transformation doctrine, which leads to the conversion of international law into municipal law by an Act of Parliament, the executive would be able to legislate without the legislature. [20] This doctrine is an expression of the dualist position, separating the two systems of law and requiring the translation of treaties into domestic legislation. [21] One of the first cases establishing that a treaty cannot adversely impact private law rights unless it has been made a part of British law by Parliament is the Parlement Belge case. [22] This principle was reinforced in the International Tin Council Case [23] where Lord Oliver clarified that a treaty is not part of English law unless and until it has been incorporated into the law by legislation. [24] On the other hand, Jennings criticizes the doctrine in the above judgment because it underestimates the role of international law and creates a distance between the two systems. [25] Although only treaties in relation to the conduct of war and cession do not require transformation, Fox points out that the House of Lords in R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex. Parte Pinochet Ugarte (No. 3) [26] disregarded such a constitutional principle and implemented in English law unincorporated treaty obligations on the immunity of the Former Head of State. [27] Furthermore, the distinct reaction of the English legal system to the European Convention on Human Rights (hereafter ECHR) and to binding decisions of the United Nations should be examined. Since 1974, English courts have consistently taken ECHR into account while applying statutes, though it was unincorporated. [28] Andrew Cunningham maintains that such an approach is not well justified when other unincorporated conventions and instruments are sidestepped. [29] Nonetheless, an obscure point that should be elucidated is that the English legal system did not abandon dualism in human rights cases as it insists that an unincorporated treaty cannot prevail over a contradicting statute. [30] Even after the enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998 which incorporated the ECHR, the validity of any incompatible primary legislation might not be affected given the provision in section 3(1). As regards the resolutions of the Security Council, the UK has implemented the United Nat ions Act 1946. It is evident that even Security Council decisions are not self-executing and in the case of UN sanctions they can be only enforced as a consequence of this piece of domestic legislation with which the Crown can adopt Orders in Council. It is noteworthy that in spite of the Ponsonby rule, where signed treaties subject to ratification, acceptance, approval or accession have to be laid before Parliament at least twenty-one days before any of these actions is taken, the UK practice suggests that a ratified treaty becomes effective only in international law. Apparently, the English legal system is hesitant to apply directly treaty law in its municipal law. Yet, it is at least accepted that the text of Conventions can be used as an aid to statutory interpretation. Admittedly, in the Salomon [31] case it was made clear that the Crown does not intend to break an international treaty and the convention might be utilised when domestic legislation is ambiguous. The above principle was strengthened when Lord Diplock in Fothergill v Monarch Airlines [32] encouraged the courts to use the rules for interpretation of unincorporated treaties in the VCLT. Despite this, Gardiner has observed that the judiciary in England is not eager to apply the Vienna rules systematically, indicating a reluctance to acknowledge the importance of international law in the domestic system. [33] Customary International Law Approach Moreover, we need to analyse the status of customary international law in the English legal system to find out its relationship with the law of nations. The decided cases illuminate that the attitude of our domestic system towards customary international law is in a state of flux. Initially, the dominant British approach to international custom was the doctrine of incorporation where customary rules are regarded part of the land. According to Lord Talbot in Buvot v Barbuit [34] the law of nations in its full extent was part of the law of England. This principle was restated twenty-seven years later by Lord Mansfield in Triquet v Bath. [35] On the contrary, nineteenth century cases appear to displace the doctrine of incorporation by that of transformation. [36] In fact, the case of R v Keyn [37] demonstrates that a customary rule can become a rule of English law only if it is translated into the latter by statute or a judicial decision. Conversely, this judgment is considered to be equivocal since it dealt primarily with the existence of a rule of international law relating to jurisdiction in the territorial sea. [38] Mention should be also made to Lord Atkins speech in Chung Chi Cheung v The King [39] where he highlighted that international law is invalid unless adopted by the English law. [40] However, O Keefe claims that Lord Atkins statement did not mean that customary international law was not part of our municipal law. [41] Instead, his Lordship tried to pass the message that international custom does not take precedence over English law and it is admitted in our domestic legal system where it can play a vital role. It is axiomatic that the approach of the English judiciary to customary international law is relatively unstable. Although, Lord Denning followed the dualistic-transformation doctrine in R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Thakrar [42] , he changed his mind in Trendtex Trading Corporation Ltd v Central Bank of Nigeria [43] where he adopted the incorporation approach. This was because he believed that jus gentium does not recognise stare decisis and the latter doctrine would help English law to react to the frequent changes that customary international law undergoes. White feels that transformation is inflexible and the decision in Trendtex is welcome as it helps English courts to be more responsive to international law. [44] Yet, it ought to be clarified that in a case of conflict between international custom and an Act of Parliament, the statute prevails. [45] On balance, by bearing in mind the seminal decision in Trendtex which was followed by Maclaine Watson v Department of Trade and Industry [46] , OKeefe correctly deduces that dualism is the principal principle in English law which just permits customary international law a limited direct applicability. [47] Alternatively, in the light of recent cases he might have second thoughts for his conclusion. In particular, Lord Bingham in R v Jones [48] was unwilling to accept that international law is a part of our domestic legal system. As an alternative, he preferred that perspective expressed by Brierly that international law is one of the sources of English law. [49] Despite the fact that it was acknowledged that international custom may be assimilated into domestic criminal law, the incorporation approach was not applied to the international law crime of aggression. [50] Aside from this, in Al-Haq v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [51] Cranston J recognised that customary international law applied in municipal law without transposition is inconsistent with our dualist system. [52] Consequently, it is clear that the question whether international custom ought to be incorporated into domestic law is tremendously complicated and according to Pill LJ is not susceptible to a simple or general answer. [53] Obviously, there are doubts even about the restricted direct applicability of customary international law in the English legal system. With regard to the role of the English judiciary, Capps supports that it acts as a gatekeeper between the international and our domestic legal order. [54] Non-justiciability issue and the relation of executive and judiciary A brief reference on the doctrine of non-justiciability will explain why the domestic legal system might be distant from the international legal order. It is inescapable that there might be questions of international law that English courts are not competent to answer. For example, in Buttes Gas and Oil Co v Hammer (No. 3) [55] , which concerned a dispute about the territorial waters of Sharjah in the Persia Gulf, an English court did not have the judicial standards to judge the issues of international law. Lord Wilberforce stressed the principle of judicial restraint in adjudicating upon the acts of foreign sovereign states. [56] Nevertheless, the non-justiciability rule is subject to exceptions. It is unavoidably inapplicable in instances relating to the transactions of foreign states which infringe international law. In illustration, the case of Kuwait Airways Corporation v Iraqi Airways Company [57] showed that an English court could not ignore a breach of inter national law committed by Iraq against Kuwait as far as the violation was acknowledged. [58] It should not be omitted that the special nature of international law is reflected in the practice of the British courts which will defer to the executive on certain factual issues. The courts need to seek the guidance of the Foreign Office which produces certificates on the determination of a number of topics such as the sovereign status of a foreign state, the recognition of governments, the commencement and termination of a state of war against another country and the incidence of diplomatic immunity. [59] Such certificates are conclusive when they are unambiguous as to facts based on the one voice doctrine where the judiciary and the executive ought to follow the same line on matters relating to foreign affairs. [60] In the case of R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, ex parte Trawnik [61] it was maintained that a certificate under the State Immunity Act 1978 is not subject to judicial review unless it constitutes a nullity. On the other hand, it is worth noting that the courts may sometimes go outside the information given in the Foreign Office certificate in their attempt to resolve the issue before them. This was proved in the case of Re Al-Fin Corporations Patent [62] where it was held that Foreign Office certificates are not considered as conclusive in the interpretation of statutes or the construction of documents. Conclusion In conclusion, it is plain that there are numerous difficulties raised in this complex area of the interaction of international and municipal law. Nevertheless, the person reading the International News section in a British newspaper will realise that in spite of the preference shown to the dualist approach by the English legal system and its various differences with the international legal apparatus, the two systems trust each other and have some meeting places. As we have seen, the international legal machine takes heed of municipal rules and at the same time in the United Kingdom judicial notice is taken of the rules of public international law. Even though treaty and customary international law need to be exchanged to domestic currency, the English legal order and the law of nations are not completely distinct legal systems and indisputably influence each other. A happy relationship exists between international and domestic law but it will always experience changes.
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
Supervision And Training Skills In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay
Supervision And Training Skills In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay As per the case study the courthouse hotel is a privately owned establishment which is considered as the major hotel in the city. As it is a three star hotel it needs to control its cost so that the hotel runs on profit margin and not on the loss side. Keeping these things into mind the hotel keeps its cost low as compared to others hotels operated in the city. Only few managers and staff members of the hotel use to work once a week in comparison to a month. As the management wants to restaff its organization they need to keep in mind certain factors as the the person should be having good communication skills, should give good level of service to the guest, well gained with good qualifications. In this case study the hotel is moving from three star to four star hotel so he needs to follow the managerial functions which will lead a organizations to high limits. SUMMARY: Staffing is a term that refers to the management of employee schedules. For many retail businesses, staffing is monitored hourly because the cost of employee pay checks is a significant cost driver for the organization. (MANAGING HOTELS EFFECTIVELY, EDDYSTONE C.NEBEL,3 EDITION,PAGE NO.159) Staffing also says that the persons should be recruited in such a manner that the organisation should get ample level of service that a hotel wants from them in order to run on profit margins. No. of staff in the hotel is one of the main key point so that in order to run a company or organisation there is ample staff to run so that it should provide good level of service. Staffing is one of the most vital functions in the function of management. As staffing is all about recruiting the people whenever a new hotel opens. It also acts as ongoing functions because of high rate of employee rate and management turnover. As this turnover rate the hotel needs to restaff its hotel with proper selection of employees keeping in mind that they are well trained enough to run the hotel and leads the hotel towards profits. Properly designing jobs staffed by employees well suited to their work is an important first step in providing superior guest service.(MULLENS 1985) (MANAGING HOTELS EFFECTIVELY,EDDYSTONE C.NEBEL,3 EDITION,PAGE NO.159). As the courthouse is changing his level of service and recruiting more peoples he needs to keep in mind some of the key points which need to run the hotel and to maintain the profit margin. The following key points or staffing issue are as follows: Training and development:- Training is designed to improve the knowledge or skills of the hotels staff . It is obvious to train the staff in order to do the required job or say task.(Hotel operations management,david k.Hayes,jack d.ninemeir, edition 2,115,116). As the hotel is recruiting new staff for the upcoming four star hotel he need to keep several things in mind that the employee should be enough skillfull so that he can run the organisation in profit margin and his recruitment is also depends on the qualification he holds. Training also plays a vital role in the development of the employee as the hotel is allocated to Germans there is a need of training to be developed in them that how to welcome them and the way of communication. It is important to develop the training program both for the benefit of the staff and the organisation.(supervisory management, Robert w.eckles,Ronald l.carmicael, Bernard r. sarchet IInd edition,338). In order to maintain the standard and level of service the hotel needs to give the same level of service to the German peoples and this is possible by training the staff more efficiently and making them enough skilful so that they can caters the needs of them. Directing: The second key point which a hotel needs to keep in mind is the directing as it is a managerial function which initiates action. Its primarily means issuing instruction, assignment ,and directives (orders). Directing also includes building an effective work force encouraging each employee to work willingly and enthusiastically towards the accomplishment of the desired objectives. (Supervision: concept and practices of management,theo haimann, Raymond l. Hilgert,edition 4th ,305). As the hotel is changing from three star to four star hotel so it needs to follow some strategies which can take them to high sky so that it can make profit out of it. Directing in this case study plays an important role as the hotel is changing his level of service as the German is allocated to the courthouse hotel. The hotel has to direct the staff in order to meet the challenge they are about to accept. Giving right direction to the employees can result into profit for the organisation. Directing employees according to the needs of the Germans can result into good customer satisfaction. Directing can also be defined as the art of encourage for the staff to work more effectively and efficiently. In order to do any task we need to have some direction or say planning so that we should know that the work we are doing is going on the right direction or not. Directing to the staff boosts themselves to earn more confidence in what they are doing and the result they want to cater to them is also on the right direction. .(supervision: concept and practices of management,theo haimann, Raymond l. Hilgert,edition 4th ,305). Time management and activity planning: In order to complete the task we need to keep in mind the time factor which plays an important role in doing the activity or a task. In order maintain time management we need to do a certain planning by which the task can be completed. working smart is more important then working hard. To be effective or in order to maintain the time management and activity planning u need to keep some factors in mind:- Devising action plans. Delegating the actions needed to achieve the objectives. Providing support and help whenever needed. (Hospitality retail management, Conrad lashley, ed 2000, 209). As in the case study the hotel is moving from 3 stars to 4 stars and in the coming months the hotel is setting up a plan for opening the banquet halls and room service. In order to run smooth organisation we need to manage the time factor which is very important. Doing the work in the specified period of time is what success all about is in hotels. In order to run a smooth organisation we need to manage all the activity in time. As the banquet is opening so the staff should be more specific about the time management and in that time they need to plan a activity which should be completed in the required time. (Hospitality retail management, Conrad lashley, ed 2000, 209). 2(A) Existing staff may react to the following changes in the following ways: Overtime : As the staff requires ample amount of training in there development so they need to cope up with the skills which can run the smooth organisation. As in the case study first there was only few staff working and that only one weekend in a month. So the new staff might have problem as they have to give extra hours to there work. The problem can be the work pressure on them as they were if working for 10 hrs but now they are working for 20 hrs. (managing change, carnall,1991,92 ) Work load or stress on employees: Changes creates anxiety, uncertainty and stress, even for those managing change. Even peoples are fully committed to change may experience stress .( managing change, carnall,1991,92). As per the case study first the worker were doing their job as per the requirements but now as the new facilities are introduced in the hotel they need to give more attention to their work and this might can take them to stress and overtime in their duty rota. Mutual understanding between the employees: If there will be no understanding between the employees there can be a situation of disputes regarding the wages as the people of the hotel which are new are not familiarise. Planning, organising and staffing can be used as preparatory or preliminary managerial function. The problem of directing can also come into this as everyone has its own way of doing the work. As earlier there was no one to tell them what the best way of doing work is. But now they are pointing out different queries that this is not the way to do the work. (Supervision: concepts and practices of management,4th edition,305) As if there will be no planning no organising and no proper staffing then will be no proper directing towards the work. Even more without these management problems the organisation cannot run properly and proper planning=proper organising=proper staffing= proper directing staff. Every one has its own way of working and if someone impose some thing on them then there is a problem which arises in the organisation and to them also. Steps could a supervisor take to minimize the impact of these reactions are: A supervisor can change the individuals who work in the organisation. In order to follow the managerial functions the supervisor need to follow them on the workers as if the supervisor is planning a strategy then the staff should implement it as a supervisor will not tell something else which will lead a organisation towards the negative level..(managing change 2nd edition, Christopher mabey, bill mayon-white, 165 ) working smart is more important then working hard.(hospitality retail management,2000,Conrad lashley,209). This is what a supervisor wants to tell his employees that dont be in any hesitations jus ask the problem which you want to. Dont jus do the work but should know that what work are doing. Planning for each organisation and time management allow to run the organisation more efficiently and more effectively.(hospitality retail management,2000, Conrad lashley,210). The supervisor maintains the time in which the certain task have to be fulfilled and for doing so the supervisor do a meeting in which he get assured by all the worker to finish there task according to the time give by him. Conclusion After the discussion on the staffing issue and to the proposed changes the conclusion comes that the in order to run a smooth organisation we need to follow the important or say relevant steps for the profit margin. Staffing a right employee and motivating him towards his work is more important if a organisation want to be success in future. As courthouse is moving from three star to for star he need to develop certain strategies and need to be implemented. After developing these implement on them the hotel will be running in profits in the coming future and there will be good level of service which will cater to the guests. The more skillfull the staff will be the more quick service he will be catering to the guest.
Monday, August 19, 2019
A Worn Path by Eudora Welty :: essays research papers
     What was intriguing to me about this story was how detailed it was. The author paints a clear picture of what the setting is and the character. The first paragraph of the story is a great example of the author describing the character and the setting. â€Å"It was December-a bright frozen day in the early morning. Far out there was an old Negro woman with her head tied in a red rag, coming along a path through the pinewoods. She was very old and small and she walked slowly in the dark pine shadows, moving a little from side to side in her steps, with the balanced heaviness and lightness of a pendulum in a grandfather clock. She carried a thin, small cane made from an umbrella, and with this she kept the frozen earth in front of her. This made a grave and persistent noise in the still that seemed meditative like the chirping of a solitary little bird.†     The emotions I felt were both happy and sad. As I was getting close to end of the story I felt sad when I read that Phoenix Jackson was living alone with her grandson, who is sick, and that he’s waiting for her alone back home. I also felt sad for her because she went through some obstacles during her journey to town such as going under a barbed-wire fence, coming across a man and his dog and passed through some thorny bush. I was happy when she reached her destination and got the medicine that she needed for her grandson. Although at her elderly age she was still witty when she tricked the hunter and took the nickle for herself. Phoenix accomplished something that she wanted to do and that brought a smile to my face.      When you look into a dictionary the meaning of Phoenix is a unique bird that periodically burned itself on a funeral pyre and was born again from the ashes. Maybe that says something about Phoenix Jackson. Her funeral was the path and she was born again when she reached the office.      I saw Phoenix Jackson as a positive, strong person who is very determined and doesn’t let anything get in the way of her path.
The Success of Tylenol Essay -- BTEC Business Marketing GCSE Coursewor
The Success of Tylenol During the 1900's, the McNeil company developed and established Tylenol into a well known and recommended analgesic. It has become recognized world wide as a safe brand of acetaminophen. The name Tylenol has become identified as a trusted, safe drug that people can easily purchase over the counter for their ailments. Tylenol is still recommended by doctors even though there was a cyanide scare in the history of the company. It has been discovered by my independent survey that consumers use Tylenol for their pet's needs also. Through the many years that Tylenol has been on the market, it has been a highly recommended analgesic by doctors. Reports show that doctors recommend Tylenol for headaches three times more than Advil, five times more than Excedrin, and seven times more than Aleve(Tylenol.com). Tylenol is also one of the mostly used analgesics by hospitals. Some of the reasons it is recommended so highly is because it is gentle on the stomach and is less likely to react with other medications. This would enable people with hypertension and gastrointestinal ulcers to use this medication. Arthritis experts also recommend Tylenol for osteoarthritic patients due to its wide margin of safety. The Tylenol Elixir product also has a proven record of safety and recommendation by doctors when used according to the correct dosage. These products ushered the McNeil company into a world wide company with well known products liked by the consumer. In a independent survey by myself, I found that seventy- nine percent of the people said they used Tylenol products. The recommendation by doctors of the safe product helped to establish the Tylenol products as being trustworthy and reliable fo... ... etc. As consumers in the 1990's and into the twenty-first century, the baby boomer generation loves to play hard and enjoy life, but with this hard play it sometimes brings about pain where they increasingly reach for Tylenol to give them comfort. Works Cited Fannin, Rebecca. Diary of Amazing Comeback. Marketing & Media Decisions. New York: Spring 1983. Guzzardi, Walter. Laurels: The National Business Hall Of Fame. Fortune. 12 March 90. Plunkett, Signe. Emergency Procedures For the Small Animal Veterinarian. 1993. p 117-119. Sherding, Robert G. The Cat Diseases and Clinical Management. 2nd Edition. Vol. 1. 1994. p 30-31, 233. Teague, Kerri. Independent Survey of Classmates. 23 May 2000. Tylenol Web site. 11 Apr 2000. . Wilson, Karen Ann. Analgesics Can Be Pain For Pets. St. Petersburg Times. 16 Oct. 1993.
Sunday, August 18, 2019
Home Rule :: Essays Papers
Home Rule During the time of England’s dominance of Ireland, the citizens of Ireland desperately sought to be free of England’s rule. Because of Ireland’s longing, the Home Rule Movement (HRM) came into existence. In Irish and English history, Home Rule is defined as a political slogan adopted by Irish nationalist in the 19th century to describe their objective of self-government for Ireland (â€Å"Home Rule†). The Home Rule Movement started in 1870 and ended in 1922. Isaac Butt and Charles Parnell led the movement (Home Rule). Because the Irish were insistence in obtaining their freedom, the Home Rule movement caused the following events to occur: The Easter Uprising, an increase in attendance of the Irish Republic Treaty (IRA), the founding of the Sinn Fein, and the Irish Free State. During the HRM, three Home Rule bills were produced and promptly rejected. Ultimately, the fourth Home Rule Bill ended in victory in 1922 (â€Å"Home Rule†). As a result of the Irish having to engage in a difficult and long-fight battle for their independence from England, the people of Ireland began to cause anarchy. This anarchy was known as the Easter Uprising. The Easter Uprising started in April 1916, the day after Easter (Easter Rising) and occurred because Ireland believed the British’s government was devoting sufficient attention to the needs of the people of Ireland (â€Å"Easter Rising†). On the other hand, Britain felt the Irish weren’t worthy of becoming self-governing. The British felt superior to the Irish and thought of them as filthy people who needed to be segregated and taught how to behave properly (â€Å"Home Rule†). There were a couple of groups that helped in the developing the Easter Uprising. There was a group called the Irish Republican Brotherhood whose goal was for Ireland to have independence (Easter Rising). Independence appeared to be on the minds of many Ireland citizens. This group consisted of 2,000 members who kept their plans hidden (â€Å"Easter Uprising†). Another group called the Irish volunteers consisted of about 200,000 men but, only 3,000 took part in the Easter Uprising (Easter Uprising).
Saturday, August 17, 2019
And Then God Created Teachers
And Then God Created Teachers â€Å"If a doctor makes a mistake a life is in danger, if an engineer makes a mistake a bridge/building is in danger but if a teacher makes a mistake the whole society is in danger. †Anonymous When a teacher was being created the God had to work overtime. He was amazed at the kind of values and qualities which were required in the making. He sent his special envoys to find a person who has all the ingredients which were required to make a good teacher. He provided a long list of values and qualities to them.The list included Patience, Compassion, Confidence, Mentorship, Vision, Maturity, Selfless service, Discipline, Punctuality, humility, leadership, knowledge, self motivation etc. The envoys went all over the universe and met many people but could hardly find person with all the ingredients. They observed that the qualities required for a good teacher were becoming extinct and had almost vanished from the society. Then they tried to find if som e of them wanted to become a teacher and have some of the qualities so that the other qualities can be perpetuated or inculcated. The envoys were shocked to know that no one wanted to become a teacher.Everyone wanted to pursue a career in Medicine, Engineering and all the other possible avenues in the universe except Teaching. They came back and reported the matter to God Almighty. He was puzzled by the idea of having a society without a teacher. Without teachers it was difficult for him to foresee the existence of mankind on earth. He was worried about the future of mankind without the Doctors, Engineers, Businessmen and politicians as all of them needed a teacher for their existence. Finally He decided to create special people (teachers) with all the ingredients required in the making of a good teacher.It was an uphill task but for the welfare of the society and future of mankind in particular He went on with the project of creating good teachers. It took a long time to create a g ood teacher. He created few of them and sent them to the earth as His special envoys to nurture humans who can take up the profession of their choice. Their reward was not the materialistic things but the satisfaction which they derive when they saw their students growing into Doctors, Engineers, Businessmen and taking up other professions of their choice.Thus good teachers are the special people sent to earth by the God Almighty and are rare to find. As it is rightly said in the following Doha/Shloka: â€Å"Guru Govind dou khade, kaake laagoon paye Balihari guru aapne, Govind diyo milaye. †â€Å"Gurur Brahma Gurur Vishnu, Gurur Devo Mahesh Varah. Guru Shakshat Para Brahma, Tasmai Shri Guruve Namah. †The Doha/Shloka written above will remain mere words to be chanted on the occasion of Teacher’s Day until and unless we realize the importance of teachers.The fact that today there is shortage of 13 lakh teachers in India reminds us of the lack of willingness and motivation among the youth to take up teaching as a profession. The only reason I see is that teaching is not considered a lucrative job in our country. As long as money is the main motivating factor it is not possible to motivate youth of today to take up a noble profession like teaching. Still we have time to wake up and do something about the situation otherwise all the lucrative jobs would become unachievable without the teachers. -Dedicated to all the teachers involved in the noble profession of Teaching SHALABH NIGAM
Friday, August 16, 2019
Bussines Communication
BUSINNESS COMMUNICATION Business communication it is the communication between the people in the organisation for the purpose of carrying out the business activities. It is a process of exchange of facts, ideas, opinions and as a means that individual or organization share meaning and understanding with one another. In other words, it is a transmission and interacting the facts, ideas, opinion, feeling and attitudes. Communication adds meaning to human life. It helps to build relationship and fosters love and understanding. It is two types of communication formal and informal.FORMAL COMMUNICATIONS- example of formal communication are board meetings , letters. They are formal methods because when we using them we have to use specific formats and follow rules INFORMAL COMMUNICATIONS-example of informal communication are conversations , emails and text messages . Informal communications do not follow any prescribed conventions or formats and often happen spontaneously. I talked about ty pes of communications used by Tesco Tesco plc is a global grocery and general merchandising retailer headquartered in Cheshunt, United Kingdom. Related reading: Tesco Communication With CustomersTesco is the fourth-largest retailer in the world measured by revenues, after Wal-Mart, Carrefour and Metro. The second-largest measured by profits after Wal-Mart. It has stores in 14 countries across Asia, Europe and North America and is the grocery market leader in the UK (where it has a market share of around 30%), Malaysia and Thailand. There are few types of communication; verbal, written, on- screen, web-based, multimedia. VERBAL-FACETO FACE -Nothing can replace the value of face-to-face communication.It’s easier to communicate verbally than any other way because you get to understand every detail that is being spoken by the other person. In Tesco customers communicate with the staff members they can ask questions if they don’t understand the instructions clearly. Effectiveness of meetings: When there’s an issue that requires a decision, you’re able to reach a consensus more quickly. When there are m any people in a meeting, there’s more energy and opportunities to participate and creatively contribute. Oftentimes there’s also a synergy that’s achieved which ignites discussion and innovative thinking.You can brainstorm more easily and solve a handful of problems Nonverbal communication:  Someone who is frequently checking their watch or yawning, would tell you very easily that it’s time to wrap things up or make an effort to change the quality of your voice to be more engaging (or at least change the subject. ) And the very opposite is also true; if colleagues are smiling, nodding or leaning forward, you know that they’re invested and have their buy-in. There isn’t much guesswork involved. A personal touch:. There’s a feeling of community because we’re better able to socialize and interact with one another.We quickly build a bond that sets the foundation for trust and ultimately, lasting business relationships. WRITTEN –LEAFLETS-Written communication has great significance in today’s business world. Effective written communication is essential for preparing worthy promotional materials for business development. Effective writing involves careful choice of words, their organization in correct order in sentences formation as well as cohesive composition of sentences. Written communication helps in laying down apparent principles, policies and rules for running of an organization.Leaflets- this type of communication in Tesco is that one can get all the information from a Tesco leaflet that he or she needs and can verify back to it if he or she did not understand the information clearly. And also a good thing because staff can easily give customers written documents that might  be more helpful for people who don’t understand some staff members English accent and etc. ON- SCREEN AND MULTIMEDIA; for example TV- a large number of people can watch the presentation for example promotions or if there is any discounts or and new system introduced by the organisation.Multimedia information can be text, graphics, audio, animation, video, data and many more. It is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed or accessed by information content processing devices, such as computerised and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance. WEB BASED-ADVERS-This communications are a very common thing in the retail industry. Retailers find this way of Selling or Advertising a product or even displaying a upcoming product.This is beneficial to Tesco because Tesco don’t need to take up storage in there stores the products can be directly sent form a warehouse and there’s much more of a chance of a customer noticing it on a internet site than walking past it in a store. NON-ELECTRONIC METHODS FOR COMMUNICATION-Non electronic methods of communication are ways of co mmunicating through non-electronic sources such as letters, reports, memorandums, etc. Before the invention of electricity, Communication was slow and difficult. Some messages took days, weeks and even months to arrive to its destination.It was also not as effective and less people were able to receive these messages at once. There four different non-electronic types of communication verbal, non-verbal, memo and letter. -MEMO; an internal form of communication and used for short messages. This is usually not a signed document. -REPORT; a common written communication in a business. The task might be given a formal reply depending on what task has been given. PUBLICITY MATERIALS; this can come in many forms. It is used to attract attention, inform and enhance corporate image. INVOICE; this document is to confirm the details on goods purchased and details on the payment. ELECTRONIC METHODS FOR COMMUNICATION-electronic methods of communication are to using the computer to communicate wi th some one half around the world e. g-electronic fax also facebook chatting with other via the use of the internet or as simple as using your cell phone to communicate with others. Popular form of electronic communication is email, which is a more formal way of sending messages to others. This form of communication is more popular is school, business and even with family.It can range in form from a formal letter to a few quick phrases to just a picture. One of the oldest forms of electronic communication is the telephone. Not a lot of people consider the telephone electronic but it still uses electricity to change our voice into electronic signals from one device to another. Electronic methods of communication; -TOUCH SCREENS; is computer technology which is used by customers to touch certain areas of the screen. -TELEPHONE CALLS; it is a method of fast communication through a telephone handset. DVD; is the video medium of choice for business these day( can be used to show presenta tions to staff) -FAX; it is a method that needs a reproduction machine and telephone line to send pictures and documents. WEBSITE; a site that can be found on the world wide web ELECTRONIC AND NON-ELECTRONIC METHODS FOR COMMUNICATION WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF AUDIENCE: * Age and attention span Most people who are younger can concentrate for less time whereas older or more educated people can focus or listen for a longer period of time.Younger people respond more to videos, images and PowerPoint presentations, whereas older people can read for a long time such as reports etc. * Age, gender and ethnicity To illustrate your explanations, it's a good way to interact with the audience by reflecting on their ethnic background, interest and their experiences. Also draws from the experiences of men and women in a positive ways. * Readability It is important to know who your audience are, this is looking at younger or older people.Younger people may prefer to have simple language than somethin g that is difficult to understand, but older people may understand the language of technical terms, phrases and jargons. * Interest Most people lose interest so it important to get key points across quickly and explain the topic that is related to the audience. Sometimes to be humorous can help to maintain interest but if no-one laughs at your joke then it will put off the audience, so it is important to know when to be funny. Also to interest your audience you can put up some activity for them to do and this will help them engage with you.
Thursday, August 15, 2019
Jim Crow Laws Main Problems for Black Americans in the 1920s and 1930s Essay
When the Civil War ended in 1865, Abraham Lincoln proclaimed all men in America – black or white – equal. However, throughout the rest of the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century African-Americans were widely discriminated especially in the Southern states of the country. They faced serious social, economic and political problems and were regarded by most people as the inferior race. Although America was referred to by its president Woodrow Wilson as the â€Å"great melting pot†in 1915 and although it was supposed to be a country where â€Å"all men are created equal†as stated in the Constitution; this certainly was not the case. American society was divided by strict racial hierarchy with the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASP) on the very top, other European immigrants in the middle and with blacks descending mainly from slaves on the very bottom. Historians argue why this was and why the desires of some leaders to create a homologous nation really stayed only desires. Some argue that the ethnic minorities faced discrimination in everyday life because it had legal basis in the so called â€Å"Jim Crow†laws, which promoted the â€Å"separate but equal†decision of the Supreme Court from 1896. These laws were introduced in the South to support the separation of the races and basically made the discrimination of Blacks legal. However, others argue that the reason for discrimination lay deeper in the American history and that it rooted from the established racial hierarchy. There were many half-secret organisations that fought for the white supremacy and some historians, such as David M. Chalmers argue that it was the existences of such groups that caused the discrimination against blacks. Some historians also argue that the federal apathy was another important obstacle blacks had to face. This was because of the laissez-faire policy and also because of personal racist views held by the presidents of the era, who wanted (as the rest of American people) to keep power in the hands of the WASP establishment. Some other historians would argue that it was the impact of World War One that deepened the racial problems and others believe that blacks had to deal with discrimination because of the fear of the whites that their social and economic status were under threat. This essay will examine all those possible reasons why black people were treated with hostility in the interwar period and will prove that while the Jim Crow laws were important in justifying this approach; it was in fact the deep-rooted racism that caused all the other factors and led to the savage discrimination of African-Americans. Some historians, such as John A. Kerr argue that the Jim Crow laws were the main cause of the discrimination present in American states. The decision of the Supreme Court in 1896 led to proliferation of these laws throughout the South as Homer Plessy lost his case and the Court found that the laws were not breaking the US Constitution. The Court decided to support the popular â€Å"Separate but Equal†policy, which meant that as long as equal facilities were provided, the segregation of the races wasn? unconstitutional. Seven of the eight justices at the trial favoured this decision and stated that the 14th Amendment to the US constitution was not â€Å"intended to abolish distinctions based upon colour†and that separation of those does not â€Å"necessarily imply the inferiority of either race to the other. †This decision disappointed black people as they knew that it was very unlikely that the states would provide them with equal facilities. As a result of this case states could impose legal punishments on people consorting with members of another race. The most common examples of Jim Crow laws were forbidding intermarriage and ordering business owners and public institutions (schools, offices) to keep their black and white clientele separate. Basically, the discrimination of black Americans was now legal. The only justice that didn? t agree with the court? s decision, John Harlan, summarised it well stating â€Å"the present decision†¦ ill not only stimulate aggressions, more or less brutal and irritating, upon the admitted rights of coloured citizens, but will encourage the belief that it is possible, by means of state enactments, to defeat the beneficial purposes which the people of the United States had in view when they adopted the recent (13th and 14th) amendments of the Constitution. †In addition, even though black people possessed the right to vote, by the year 1902 there was only 3,000 black voters in Alabama as it was one of the states that created impossible qualification tests for black voters. In a state where African-American population was significant with around 900,000 individuals this isn? t surprising and only proves the extent of discrimination and racism present. These ridiculous tests, with questions such as â€Å"How many bubbles are in a bar of soap†denied blacks the opportunity to vote for their politicians and thus decreased the chances of a change of the situation. The Jim Crow laws were clearly a manifestation of the racism present within American culture, but they alone weren? t the reason for the hostility and discrimination towards the blacks. The factor that caused the laws to come into existence and be accepted and followed was the deep-rooted racism and the presumed dominance of the WASPs and this was the main problem African-Americans had to deal with. Many historians would thus argue that the main reason why ethnic minorities and blacks in particular, faced discrimination was the existence of racial hierarchy and deep-rooted racism inherent within the American WASP culture. After the 13th Amendment in 1865 that freed the former black slaves and the 14th and 15th Amendments that provided them with equal rights and suffrage, African-American hoped for a new better beginning. However, the former slave-owners and other WASPs living especially in the south were not willing to undergo such change. The problem wasn? t only with blacks, other ethnic groups different from the white â€Å"acceptable†Americans of northern European origin suffered from discrimination and perceived inferiority as well. Americans wanted to keep their standard of WASP Americanism and were unwilling to accept other cultures as equal. There were many pseudo-scientific findings that were meant to prove this inequality. Joseph Le Conte, an American anthropologist, for example claimed that â€Å"modern ethnologists have thoroughly established the fact that in all essential qualities the Negro race seems to be totally incapable of development†. Racial stereotypes of blacks as inferior beings were popular throughout American society and although the racial hierarchy was mostly unspoken, there were clear signs of it in every aspect of the culture. As the blacks were always regarded as inferior, low-class people, it was not easy for the white supremacy supporters to all of a sudden support their equality. Racism had a strong historical context in American society and it was this that caused the Jim Crow laws to be legalised and supremacist organisations, such as the Ku Klux Klan, to form. Therefore the deep-rooted racism must be seen as the key problem Blacks had to face as it caused all the other obstacles for them and resulted in discrimination in all levels of the society. However, some historians would argue that it was the existence of the supremacist organisations that posed the biggest trouble to the black Americans. Ku Klux Klan was formed immediately after the end of the Civil War but its main wave of actions happened during the 1920s and 30s. The founder of the second KKK, who awoke the old tradition in 1915, was William J. Simmons. His aim was to purge Southern culture of corrupting influences that were according to him trying to â€Å"destroy WASP America. †These were apparently not only blacks, but also other ethnic and religious groups, such as Catholics, Jews and even communists. The Klan used violent methods to intimidate and suppress these groups. Mob violence and lynching were a daily fact of life in the south during the 1920s. However, the organisation became gradually more national with members in the northern countries as well as in the southern ones. It restricted its membership to native-born white Protestants and it attracted many people due to blacks? migration and social fears resulting from it; many people across the country became committed to the â€Å"100% Americanism†and were afraid of losing the position on the top of the racial hierarchy. As historian Paul S. Boyer states, â€Å"The organisation consisted primarily of ordinary people, not criminals or fanatics. The Klan? s promise to restore the nation to an imagined purity – ethnical, moral and religious – appealed powerfully to ill-educated and deeply religious Americans. †By 1925 KKK had 5 million members and it dominated state legislatures. Assembly men, sheriffs, judges – all were members of the Klan and agreed with its policies, either secretly or publicly. The Klan used symbols, such as white robes and burning crosses to bring about and emphasise fear and as historian David M. Chalmers argues they were viewed as a â€Å"super-secret organisation; masked and mysterious, with a tradition of violence for which a generation of legend had achieved a high measure of social approval. †They were feared by the blacks and praised by the whites. Although the white supremacy organisations, such as the KKK played an important role in supporting racist actions and discrimination, they didn? t exist without a cause. This cause was the deep-rooted racism within American people as well as the social and economic fear after the â€Å"Great Migration†and the First World War. It is also surprising that such a violent organisation was free to carry out its actions and was not stopped by neither federal, nor state governments. This shows that the legal aspect of discrimination was to a great extent the major problem for the blacks. However, racism would have existed without the laws, but the laws would not have existed without the deep-rooted racism in American culture, which establishes it as the key reason for all the problems. In any other instance, organisations such as the KKK and racist laws such as the Jim Crow laws would not be accepted by any government. Thus, historians debate also the option that one of the biggest problems African Americans had to face during this time period was the federal government? s apathy. By the ruling of the Supreme Court in 1876 it has been decided that individual states could govern themselves as they saw fit. This led to proliferation of the Jim Crow laws in the South and increasing ignorance of the problem of discrimination in the North. What is more, it provided the federal government with an excuse to not intervene and carry out the ineffective laissez-faire policy. Woodrow Wilson, a Democrat president during and after the First World War, was even racist himself. He declared that the blacks were â€Å"an ignorant and inferior race†and strongly defended segregation stating in 1916 that it is â€Å"not humiliating and is a benefit to you Black gentlemen. †Even though he is known for his campaign for international brotherhood and peace and he denounced the tactics of the KKK, he openly sympathised with its efforts to restore the white supremacy. Clearly, the racism in America was deep-rooted in all levels of the society. In the 1920s Republicans held the presidential office in their hands and as part of their overall approach to ruling they applied the laissez-faire attitude towards social affairs. As Calvin Coolidge stated â€Å"the chief business of the American people is business†. They simply did not think it was their job to intervene in people? s everyday lives. Moreover, the various administrations seemed to close their eyes to racial discrimination. Anti-lynching law in 1921 was never passed as it was defeated by Southern Senators and that meant that the organisations such as the KKK could continue with their horrible actions. What is more, the Klan was allowed to organise 40,000 men march on Washington DC in 1925 showing its strength and being de facto supported by the federal government. Blacks were also further excluded from the Republican Party and had to submit to segregation in the White House and the federal civil service. The evidence shows that Blacks were discriminated in all levels of the society. Even the presidents themselves were racist and did nothing to tackle the inequalities, if not making them worse. The federal apathy clearly rooted from the racism present among the public and the government was simply responding to the will of the people. This created further complications for the African Americans to gain their civil rights as they had to face racism and discrimination not only at everyday levels but also at the proper political ones. Historians also debate the possibility that the aftermath of WW1 causing the â€Å"Great Migration†and wide spread social and economic fears was itself the reason for discrimination of black Americans. In the WW1, many African-Americans fought for the country, but even more of them were employed in munitions, other factories and agriculture to keep the country going. As a result, many blacks moved from the South to the North as they saw it as a chance for better life. Whites didn? t always welcome these migrants as they, too, had racism deep in their minds. Black migrants were also seen as an unwanted job competition – in 1917 in St. Louis 40 blacks and 9 whites were killed in race riot over employment. Although discrimination was nowhere near legal as it was in the South with the Jim Crow laws, whites in the North considered themselves superior as well and were ready to defend their position on the racial hierarchy. In Chicago, race riots began when a black boy accidentally swam to â€Å"white only†waters and the respectable white American citizens present on the beach stoned him to death. As Willoughby and Willoughby argue, â€Å"This incident clearly indicates the depth and extent of the hatred and prejudice. †And it indeed does. As shown above, the KKK had huge number of supporters and members in the North as well ever since its reformation and this meant that even the Northern WASPs were ready to discriminate. This leads back to the deep-rooted racism in the American culture and indicates it as the key problem. After the war ended, the closings of munitions factories hugely affected large proportion of the population. Blacks were then used as strike-breakers and were accused of lowering the wages as they were willing to work for less money. This, of course, created tensions and caused the â€Å"native†white Americans to feel their economic and social status being genuinely under threat. However, this attitude towards African-Americans was nothing new. On balance, there have been Klan members and other WASPs discriminating previous to the war, but the â€Å"Great Migration†caused by northern agents recruiting black workers in the South for munitions factories and other jobs, significantly increased the hostility towards blacks and heated the already existing racial tensions. It also gave further reasons to the â€Å"ordinary white workers†to support or join the Klan. Overall, there was no legal basis for discrimination in the north of the country, but the deep-rooted racism causing de facto segregation of the races provided strong enough reason for the racist Americans to discriminate. The black Americans faced serious problems of discrimination as they were regarded as members of the inferior race during the 19th and most of the 20th century. During the 1920s the tensions increased as the African Americans began to migrate within the US. Jim Crow laws made it legal to discriminate in the south as they sought segregation of the races and indirectly approved the white supremacy. This, alongside with federal government unwillingness to do anything about them, made it possible for racist organisations, such as the KKK, to exist and promote the WASP superiority through violence. However, the view that the KKK itself was the cause of racism is over simplistic misconception as it would not exist and be widely supported if the people would not agree with its goals. In addition, the impact of the First World War which meant increase in black migration to the North caused further deepening of racial problems there and was a factor in the increasing tensions. The problem black Americans faced was discrimination. This was possible to a great extent due to its de jure legalisation in the Jim Crow laws, but in actual fact the main problem blacks faced was the established racial hierarchy within the American society and the deep-rooted racism present in majority of the people. Simply, Blacks were denied to vote, federal government refused to do anything about their inadequate treatment and the Ku Klux Klan successfully managed to question their equality by themselves. However, all these actions taken by the WASPs to secure their position were but a manifestation of a wider racist attitude that was deep-rooted in the culture. In final conclusion, Jim Crow laws were a problem for the black Americans in the 1920s and 30s, but it was not the main one as they had to deal with the deep-rooted racism first to get rid of their discrimination completely.
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